Monitoring Coptic Masonry Affected by Clay Minerals and Microorganisms at the Church of Virgin Mary, Wadi El-Natrun (Egypt)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Clay Mineralogy
3.2. Biological Study
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element % | Atomic % | Compound % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Na | 3.58 | 3.54 | Na2O | 4.83 |
Mg | 5.75 | 5.37 | MgO | 9.54 |
Al | 4.17 | 3.51 | Al2O3 | 7.89 |
Si | 21.57 | 17.44 | SiO2 | 46.14 |
S | 0.24 | 0.17 | SO3 | 0.60 |
Cl | 12.32 | 7.89 | 0.00 | |
K | 1.07 | 0.62 | K2O | 1.29 |
Ca | 9.40 | 5.33 | CaO | 13.15 |
Fe | 3.30 | 1.34 | FeO | 4.24 |
O | 38.59 | 54.78 | - | - |
Total | 100% | 100% | - | 87.68% |
Element % | Atomic % | Compound % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Na | 39.09 | 43.51 | Na2O | 52.69 |
Mg | 0.06 | 0.07 | MgO | 0.10 |
Al | 0.11 | 0.11 | Al2O3 | 0.21 |
Si | 0.26 | 0.24 | SiO2 | 0.56 |
S | −0.06 | −0.05 | SO3 | −0.14 |
Cl | 45.28 | 32.68 | 0.00 | |
K | 0.12 | 0.08 | K2O | 0.14 |
Ca | 0.66 | 0.42 | CaO | 0.92 |
Fe | 0.18 | 0.08 | FeO | 0.23 |
O | 14.29 | 22.86 | - | - |
Total | 100% | 100% | - | 54.72% |
Isolated Fungal Species | No. of Isolates | Percentage % |
---|---|---|
Aspergillus flavus group | 2 | 11.11 |
Aspergillus flavus + Aspergillus niger | 3 | 16.66 |
Aspergillus fumigatus | 3 | 16.66 |
Aspergillus glaucus | 4 | 22.22 |
Aspergillus occhraceus group | 1 | 5.55 |
Mucor spp. | 1 | 5.55 |
Aspergillus caudidus | 2 | 11.11 |
Geotrichum spp. | 1 | 5.55 |
Geotrichum spp. + Aspergillus fumigatus | 1 | 5.55 |
Total isolates | 18 | 100% |
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Moussa, A.; Roshdy, M. Monitoring Coptic Masonry Affected by Clay Minerals and Microorganisms at the Church of Virgin Mary, Wadi El-Natrun (Egypt). Heritage 2021, 4, 4056-4067. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040223
Moussa A, Roshdy M. Monitoring Coptic Masonry Affected by Clay Minerals and Microorganisms at the Church of Virgin Mary, Wadi El-Natrun (Egypt). Heritage. 2021; 4(4):4056-4067. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040223
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoussa, Abubakr, and Mahmoud Roshdy. 2021. "Monitoring Coptic Masonry Affected by Clay Minerals and Microorganisms at the Church of Virgin Mary, Wadi El-Natrun (Egypt)" Heritage 4, no. 4: 4056-4067. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040223