Characterization of Ancient Mortars from Minoan City of Kommos in Crete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sampling and Experimental Procedure
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Experimental
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Macroscopic and Stereomicroscopic Analyses
3.2. XRD Analysis
3.3. XRF Analyses
3.4. FTIR Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Name | Location | Function | Period |
---|---|---|---|
KM1 | Civic Center, South Stoa | Pointing Mortar | Bronze Age |
KM5 | Civic Center, South Stoa | Pointing Mortar | Bronze Age |
KM6 | Civic Center, South Stoa | Joint Mortar | Bronze Age |
KM10 | Central Hillside | Joint Mortar | Late Minoan |
KM29 | Greek Sanctuary | Joint Mortar | Late Minoan |
KM31 | Greek Sanctuary | Joint Mortar | Late Bronze Age |
KM32 | House X | Joint Mortar | Late Bronze Age |
KM34 | House X | Joint Mortar | Late Bronze Age |
KM42 | Hilltop Houses | Pointing Mortar | Middle Minoan |
KM47 | Building P | Pointing Mortar | Late Bronze Age |
Samples | Characteristics |
---|---|
KM1 | Intense white color, binder rich in lime, presence of straw fibers |
KM5 | Intense white color, binder rich in lime, presence of straw fibers |
KM6 | Earthen binder, coarse microstructure, sea shells, cracks |
KM10 | Earthen binder, poor performance, many sea shells |
KM29 | Earthen binder, very fine inert |
KM31 | Earthen binder, coarse microstructure, sea shells, voids and cracks |
KM32 | Earthen binder, sea sand, sea shells |
KM34 | Earthen binder, well performing mortar |
KM42 | Earthen binder, mortar with poor performance, many sea shells |
KM47 | Earthen binder, fine sea sand, sporadic sea shells |
XRD | Mineralogical Composition |
---|---|
KM1 | calcite, quartz, illite, kaolinite, dolomite, anorthite, aragonite, orthoclase, halite |
KM5 | calcite, quartz, illite, dolomite, orthoclase, halite, |
KM6 | calcite, quartz, illite, kaolinite, dolomite, anorthite, aragonite, halite, corrensite |
KM10 | calcite, quartz, illite, kaolinite, albite, aragonite, epidote, halite, halite, montmorillonite |
KM29 | calcite, quartz, illite, kaolinite, dolomite, albite, epidote, lizardite, vermiculite |
KM31 | calcite, quartz, illite, kaolinite, dolomite, albite, aragonite, lizardite, vermiculite |
KM32 | calcite, quartz, illite, kaolinite, albite, aragonite, epidote, lizardite, vermiculite |
KM34 | calcite, quartz, illite, kaolinite, dolomite, albite, aragonite, epidote, lizardite, vermiculite |
KM42 | calcite, quartz, illite, kaolinite, dolomite, albite, lizardite, vermiculite |
KM47 | calcite, quartz, illite, kaolinite, dolomite, albite calcian, aragonite, lizardite, vermiculite |
KM Clay | calcite, quartz, illite, kaolinite, dolomite, albite, vermiculite, montmorillonite |
XRF | KM1 | KM5 | KM6 | KM10 | KM29 | KM31 | KM32 | KM34 | KM42 | KM47 | KM Clay |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CaO | 41.01 | 47.55 | 32.53 | 34.99 | 29.97 | 30.74 | 30.56 | 30.85 | 37.18 | 32.38 | 29.18 |
SiO2 | 17.32 | 7.17 | 27.85 | 26.77 | 30.37 | 29.06 | 29.49 | 27.16 | 22.82 | 28.02 | 28.21 |
Al2O3 | 3.75 | 1.58 | 7.58 | 5.84 | 7.93 | 7.51 | 7.66 | 7.07 | 5.62 | 7.15 | 7.25 |
MgO | 2.80 | 2.15 | 4.46 | 4.03 | 4.34 | 3.59 | 4.03 | 4.37 | 3.36 | 4.14 | 4.19 |
Fe2O3 | 2.14 | 1.11 | 4.08 | 3.12 | 4.27 | 4.09 | 4.20 | 4.07 | 3.32 | 4.06 | 3.86 |
Na2O | 1.01 | 1.51 | 2.50 | 1.63 | 1.56 | 1.13 | 1.06 | 1.79 | 0.93 | 1.10 | 1.81 |
K2O | 0.59 | 0.26 | 1.24 | 0.98 | 1.43 | 1.28 | 1.27 | 1.26 | 1.01 | 1.26 | 1.24 |
SO3 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.17 |
Cl | 0.08 | 0.36 | 0.81 | 0.52 | 0.25 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.69 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.51 |
P2O5 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.33 | 0.15 | 0.22 | 0.10 |
TiO2 | 0.31 | 0.12 | 0.52 | 0.42 | 0.59 | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.47 | 0.55 | 0.59 |
SUM | 69.32 | 62.12 | 81.77 | 78.56 | 80.87 | 78.33 | 79.22 | 78.24 | 75.00 | 79.08 | 77.40 |
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Maravelaki, P.-N.; Theologitis, A.; Budak Unaler, M.; Kapridaki, C.; Kapetanaki, K.; Wright, J. Characterization of Ancient Mortars from Minoan City of Kommos in Crete. Heritage 2021, 4, 3908-3918. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040214
Maravelaki P-N, Theologitis A, Budak Unaler M, Kapridaki C, Kapetanaki K, Wright J. Characterization of Ancient Mortars from Minoan City of Kommos in Crete. Heritage. 2021; 4(4):3908-3918. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040214
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaravelaki, Pagona-Noni, Antonis Theologitis, Meral Budak Unaler, Chrysi Kapridaki, Kali Kapetanaki, and James Wright. 2021. "Characterization of Ancient Mortars from Minoan City of Kommos in Crete" Heritage 4, no. 4: 3908-3918. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040214