Ancient Ceramic Casting Molds from the Southern Russian Far East: Identification of Alloy Traces via Application of Nondestructive SEM-EDS and pXRF Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples
2.2. Research Methods
3. Results
3.1. Results of Ceramic Fabric Examination
3.2. Results of pXRF Screening Analysis Examination of Mold Surfaces
3.3. Results of SEM-EDS Examination of Ceramic Molds Surfaces
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Object Number | Kind of Object | Bronze Casting Type | Glue Covering | Carbonization of Working Surface | SEM-EDS Examined | pXRF Examined |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Mold’s lid section (unbroken) | Not identified | + | + | − | + |
2 | Casting section of two-sided mold | Semi-spherical looped button | + | + | − | + |
3 | Casting section of one-sided mold | “two-tailed” object (pendant?) | + | + | − | + |
4 | Casting section of two-sided mold | Semi-spherical looped button | + | + | − | + |
5 | Casting section of two-sided mold | Semi-spherical looped button | + | + | − | + |
6 | Casting section of two-sided mold | Semi-spherical looped button | + | + | − | + |
7 | Casting section of one-sided mold | “Two-tailed” pair objects (pendants?) | + | + | − | + |
8 | Casting section of one-sided mold(fragment) | “Two-tailed” pair objects (pendants?) | + | + | − | + |
9 | Casting section of one-sided mold | “Three-tailed” object (pendant?) | + | + | − | + |
10 | Casting section of one-sided mold | Rosette-shaped object (ornament?) | + | + | − | + |
11 | Casting section of the mold(fragment) | Not identified | − | + | − | + |
12 | Casting section of the mold(fragment) | Not identified | − | + | − | + |
13 | Casting section of the mold (fragment) | Ornament? | − | + | + | + |
14 | Casting section of the mold (fragment) | Not identified | − | − | − | + |
15 | Casting section of two-sided mold (fragment) | Semi-spherical looped button | − | + | + | + |
16 | Casting section of two-sided mold (fragment) | Semi-spherical looped button | − | − | + | + |
17 | Casting section of the mold (fragment) | Not identified | − | - | + | + |
18 | Casting section of two-sided mold (fragment) | Semi-spherical looped button | − | + | + | + |
19 | Casting section of one-sided mold (fragment) | “Two-tailed” object (pendant?) | − | + | − | + |
20 | Casting section of two-sided mold (fragment) | Semi-spherical looped button | − | + | + | + |
21 | Casting section of one-sided mold (fragment) | “Two-tailed” object (pendant?) | − | + | + | + |
22 | Casting section of two-sided mold (fragment) | Semi-spherical looped button | − | − | + | + |
23 | Casting section of one-sided mold (fragment) | Semi-spherical looped button? | − | + | + | + |
24 | Casting section of two-sided mold (fragment) | Semi-spherical looped button | − | + | − | + |
25 | Mold’s lid section (fragment) | Not identified | − | + | + | + |
26 | Mold’s lid section | Not identified | − | − | + | + |
27 | Casting section of two-sided mold (fragment) | Semi-spherical looped button | − | − | − | + |
28 | Casting section of one-sided mold (fragment) | “Two-tailed” pair objects (pendants?) | + | + | − | + |
29 | Casting section of one-sided mold (fragment) | “Two-tailed” object (pendant?) | − | + | − | + |
30 | Casting section of two-sided mold | Semi-spherical looped button | + | + | − | + |
31 | Casting section of two-sided mold (fragment) | Semi-spherical looped button ? | − | + | + | + |
32 | Casting section of one-sided mold | “Two-tailed” object (pendant?) | + | + | − | + |
33 | Casting section of two-sided mold (fragment) | Semi-spherical looped button | − | + | + | + |
34 | Casting section of two-sided mold (fragment) | Semi-spherical looped button | − | + | + | + |
Object Number | Si | Fe | Al | P | Ti | S | Pb | Mn | Zr | Zn | Cu | Ni | V | Bi | Nb | Cr | Sn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Working Side | |||||||||||||||||
1 | 43.87 | 28.87 | 20.84 | 1.78 | 1.73 | 1.65 | 0.02 | 0.79 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.06 | - | 0.11 | - | - | - | - |
±0.18 | ±0.16 | ±0.22 | ±0.03 | ±0.11 | ±0.03 | ±0.005 | ±0.04 | ±0.004 | ±0.01 | ±0.009 | ±0.03 | ||||||
2 | 47.49 | 25.66 | 17.81 | 2.24 | 2.55 | - | 3.29 | 0.55 | 0.24 | 0.12 | - | 0.05 | - | - | - | - | - |
±0.18 | ±0.16 | ±0.21 | ±0.03 | ±0.13 | ±0.04 | ±0.04 | ±0.006 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | ||||||||
3 | 46.94 | 25.66 | 18.67 | 2.29 | 2.69 | 1.85 | 1.18 | 0.06 | 0.28 | 0.15 | - | 0.06 | 0.17 | - | - | - | - |
±0.19 | ±0.17 | ±0.22 | ±0.04 | ±0.14 | ±0.03 | ±0.02 | ±0.04 | ±0.006 | ±0.01 | ±0.02 | ±0.04 | ||||||
4 | 47.15 | 28.81 | 17.04 | 1.78 | 2.66 | - | 1.54 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.17 | - | - | 0.16 | - | - | - | - |
±0.2 | ±0.18 | ±0.24 | ±0.04 | ±0.14 | ±0.03 | ±0.03 | ±0.007 | ±0.01 | ±0.04 | ||||||||
5 | 51.16 | 26.11 | 15.98 | 1.09 | 2.69 | - | 1.76 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.16 | - | - | - | - |
±0.2 | ±0.17 | ±0.21 | ±0.03 | ±0.15 | ±0.03 | ±0.04 | ±0.007 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | ±0.02 | ±0.04 | ||||||
6 | 44.84 | 27.75 | 19.63 | 2.00 | 2.50 | 1.57 | 0.11 | 0.99 | 0.27 | 0.10 | - | 0.08 | 0.16 | - | - | - | - |
±0.19 | ±0.18 | ±0.23 | ±0.03 | ±0.14 | ±0.03 | ±0.009 | ±0.05 | ±0.006 | ±0.01 | ±0.02 | ±0.04 | ||||||
7 | 34.30 | 42.20 | 15.33 | 1.33 | 3.54 | 1.59 | 0.08 | 0.55 | 0.59 | 0.49 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.17 | - |
±0.2 | ±0.25 | ±0.3 | ±0.04 | ±0.17 | ±0.04 | ±0.01 | ±0.05 | ±0.01 | ±0.03 | ±0.04 | |||||||
8 | 48.63 | 23.70 | 20.82 | 0.89 | 2.27 | - | 2.83 | 0.29 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.04 | - | - | - | - | - |
±0.17 | ±0.15 | ±0.2 | ±0.02 | ±0.12 | ±0.03 | ±0.03 | ±0.005 | ±0.008 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | |||||||
9 | 32.76 | 45.35 | 12.42 | 2.05 | 3.42 | 2.09 | 0.07 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.38 | - | - | 0.24 | - | - | - | - |
±0.21 | ±0.27 | ±0.34 | ±0.04 | ±0.17 | ±0.05 | ±0.01 | ±0.05 | ±0.01 | ±0.03 | ±0.05 | |||||||
10 | 45.04 | 29.75 | 18.80 | 1.38 | 2.54 | 0.96 | 0.30 | 0.56 | 0.24 | 0.18 | - | 0.09 | 0.16 | - | - | - | - |
±0.18 | ±0.17 | ±0.23 | ±0.03 | ±0.12 | ±0.03 | ±0.01 | ±0.04 | ±0.005 | ±0.01 | ±0.02 | ±0.04 | ||||||
11 | 44.83 | 23.03 | 22.95 | 4.87 | 2.21 | 1.12 | 0.03 | 0.47 | 0.16 | 0.11 | - | 0.06 | 0.16 | - | 0.01 | - | - |
±0.15 | ±0.13 | ±0.18 | ±0.04 | ±0.1 | ±0.02 | ±0.004 | ±0.03 | ±0.003 | ±0.007 | ±0.009 | ±0.03 | ±0.002 | |||||
12 | 46.45 | 28.04 | 20.10 | 1.10 | 2.52 | 0.68 | 0.04 | 0.47 | 0.25 | 0.15 | - | 0.08 | 0.13 | - | - | - | - |
±0.2 | ±0.19 | ±0.22 | ±0.03 | ±0.15 | ±0.03 | ±0.007 | ±0.04 | ±0.006 | ±0.01 | ±0.02 | ±0.04 | ||||||
13 | 40.95 | 16.15 | 19.47 | 5.54 | 1.62 | - | 15.14 | 0.33 | 0.24 | 0.10 | 0.31 | - | 0.15 | - | - | - | 0.28 |
±0.14 | ±0.12 | ±0.17 | ±0.04 | 0.11 | ±0.08 | ±0.03 | ±0.006 | ±0.008 | ±0.01 | ±0.04 | ±0.03 | ||||||
14 | 49.38 | 23.98 | 20.59 | 2.34 | ±2.45 | 0.28 | 0.023 | 0.47 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.04 | - | 0.16 | - | - | - | - |
±0.18 | ±0.15 | ±0.2 | ±0.03 | ±0.12 | ±0.02 | ±0.004 | ±0.03 | ±0.004 | ±0.009 | ±0.008 | ±0.04 | ||||||
15 | 51.84 | 19.17 | 22.19 | 3.08 | 2.08 | - | 0.95 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.09 | - | - | 0.19 | - | - | - | - |
±0.16 | ±0.12 | ±0.18 | ±0.03 | ±0.1 | ±0.02 | ±0.02 | ±0.003 | ±0.006 | ±0.03 | ||||||||
16 | 53.02 | 17.64 | 23.79 | 1.14 | 1.90 | 1.33 | 0.59 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.10 | - | - | 0.11 | - | 0.02 | - | - |
±0.16 | ±0.11 | ±0.17 | ±0.02 | ±0.1 | ±0.02 | ±0.01 | ±0.02 | ±0.003 | ±0.006 | ±0.03 | ±0.002 | ||||||
17 | 48.58 | 22.31 | 21.06 | 3.72 | 2.32 | 0.44 | 0.34 | 0.64 | 0.25 | 0.10 | - | 0.05 | 0.20 | - | - | - | - |
±0.16 | ±0.13 | ±0.19 | ±0.04 | ±0.11 | ±0.02 | ±0.01 | ±0.03 | ±0.004 | ±0.007 | ±0.01 | ±0.03 | ||||||
18 | 52.33 | 19.94 | 21.84 | 1.67 | 2.10 | 1.08 | 0.19 | 0.27 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.21 | - | 0.02 | - | - |
±0.16 | ±0.12 | ±0.18 | ±0.03 | ±0.11 | ±0.02 | ±0.008 | ±0.02 | ±0.003 | ±0.007 | ±0.007 | ±0.01 | ±0.03 | ±0.002 | ||||
19 | 49.09 | 22.38 | 22.34 | 1.25 | 2.25 | 1.30 | 0.24 | 0.80 | 0.17 | 0.11 | - | 0.07 | - | - | - | - | |
±0.17 | ±0.15 | ±0.19 | ±0.03 | ±0.13 | ±0.03 | ±0.01 | ±0.04 | ±0.004 | ±0.009 | ±0.01 | |||||||
20 | 47.03 | 19.60 | 19.89 | 9.15 | 2.60 | - | 0.87 | 0.27 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.25 | - | 0.01 | - | - |
±0.15 | ±0.12 | ±0.18 | ±0.06 | ±0.11 | ±0.02 | ±0.02 | ±0.003 | ±0.007 | ±0.006 | ±0.009 | ±0.04 | ±0.002 | |||||
21 | 50.02 | 25.09 | 18.36 | 1.22 | 2.73 | 1.17 | 0.28 | 0.34 | 0.27 | 0.21 | - | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.06 | - | - | - |
±0.19 | ±0.16 | ±0.2 | ±0.03 | ±0.14 | ±0.03 | ±0.01 | ±0.03 | ±0.006 | ±0.01 | ±0.02 | ±0.04 | ±0.007 | |||||
22 | 51.99 | 20.29 | 21.93 | 2.17 | 2.03 | 0.91 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.16 | 0.11 | - | - | 0.13 | - | - | - | - |
±0.17 | ±0.13 | ±0.18 | ±0.03 | ±0.11 | ±0.02 | ±0.004 | ±0.02 | ±0.003 | ±0.008 | ±0.03 | |||||||
23 | 49.83 | 23.06 | 21.45 | 1.54 | 2.48 | 0.55 | 0.20 | 0.45 | 0.22 | 0.09 | - | - | 0.13 | - | - | - | - |
±0.18 | ±0.15 | ±0.2 | ±0.03 | ±0.12 | ±0.02 | ±0.009 | ±0.03 | ±0.004 | ±0.008 | ±0.04 | |||||||
24 | 45.84 | 24.37 | 22.49 | 2.85 | 2.70 | 0.58 | 0.25 | 0.53 | 0.18 | - | - | - | 0.16 | 0.05 | - | - | - |
±0.17 | ±0.16 | ±0.2 | ±0.04 | ±0.13 | ±0.02 | ±0.01 | ±0.04 | ±0.003 | ±0.04 | ±0.006 | |||||||
25 | 35.21 | 23.10 | 16.91 | 14.92 | 2.27 | - | 6.46 | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.19 | - | - | - | - |
±0.15 | ±0.15 | ±0.22 | ±0.08 | ±0.13 | ±0.05 | ±0.03 | ±0.006 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | ±0.04 | ||||||
26 | 42.32 | 35.32 | 13.87 | 2.68 | 3.24 | 0.55 | - | 0.84 | 0.28 | 0.65 | - | 0.10 | 0.15 | - | - | - | - |
±0.2 | ±0.2 | ±0.28 | ±0.04 | ±0.14 | ±0.03 | ±0.05 | ±0.006 | ±0.02 | ±0.02 | ±0.04 | |||||||
27 | 52.88 | 17.91 | 24.35 | 1.48 | 1.86 | 0.90 | 0.02 | 0.37 | 0.13 | 0.08 | - | - | - | 0.02 | - | - | - |
±0.15 | ±0.11 | ±0.17 | ±0.03 | ±0.1 | ±0.02 | ±0.003 | ±0.03 | ±0.003 | ±0.006 | ±0.003 | |||||||
28 | 43.11 | 28.00 | 19.71 | 0.76 | 2.39 | - | 3.94 | 1.08 | 0.28 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.11 | - | - | - |
±0.18 | ±0.17 | ±0.23 | ±0.03 | ±0.13 | ±0.05 | ±0.05 | ±0.006 | ±0.01 | ±0.02 | ±0.01 | ±0.04 | ±0.01 | |||||
29 | 48.09 | 26.23 | 19.30 | 1.13 | 2.23 | 1.22 | 0.84 | 0.18 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.16 | - | - | - | - |
±0.18 | ±0.16 | ±0.21 | ±0.03 | ±0.13 | ±0.03 | ±0.02 | ±0.03 | ±0.006 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | ±0.04 | |||||
30 | 46.66 | 24.29 | 19.97 | 1.58 | 2.46 | 2.93 | 1.02 | 0.31 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.22 | - | - | - | - |
±0.18 | ±0.16 | ±0.21 | ±0.03 | ±0.13 | ±0.04 | ±0.02 | ±0.03 | ±0.005 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | ±0.02 | ±0.04 | |||||
31 | 53.07 | 11.99 | 20.22 | 10.54 | 2.17 | - | 1.27 | 0.35 | 0.23 | 0.16 | - | - | - | - | 0.02 | - | - |
±0.16 | ±0.11 | ±0.17 | ±0.06 | ±0.13 | ±0.02 | ±0.03 | ±0.004 | ±0.009 | ±0.002 | ||||||||
32 | 46.46 | 27.21 | 19.73 | 1.14 | 1.86 | 1.42 | 0.87 | 0.69 | 0.26 | 0.13 | - | 0.11 | 0.12 | - | - | 0.11 | - |
±0.2 | ±0.18 | ±0.23 | ±0.03 | ±0.13 | ±0.03 | ±0.02 | ±0.05 | ±0.006 | ±0.01 | ±0.02 | ±0.04 | ±0.03 | |||||
33 | 42.9 | 20.28 | 20.57 | 6.30 | 1.99 | - | 6.79 | 0.30 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.34 | 0.04 | 0.13 | - | 0.02 | - | - |
±0.14 | ±0.12 | ±0.18 | ±0.05 | ±0.1 | ±0.05 | ±0.02 | ±0.005 | ±0.008 | ±0.01 | ±0.009 | ±0.03 | ±0.003 | |||||
34 | 48.51 | 19.78 | 19.90 | 4.68 | 2.10 | - | 4.16 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.09 | - | - | 0.36 |
±0.16 | ±0.14 | ±0.18 | ±0.04 | ±0.12 | ±0.04 | ±0.03 | ±0.005 | ±0.008 | ±0.009 | ±0.01 | ±0.04 | ±0.01 | ±0.02 | ||||
Non-Working Side | |||||||||||||||||
1 | 42.34 | 30.22 | 19.97 | 2.25 | 1.74 | 1.62 | 1.23 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.05 | - | - | - | - | - |
±0.17 | ±0.16 | ±0.22 | ±0.03 | ±0.1 | ±0.03 | ±0.02 | ±0.03 | ±0.004 | ±0.009 | ±0.05 | ±0.01 | ||||||
2 | 46.34 | 26.55 | 18.89 | 2.08 | 2.45 | 1.77 | 0.06 | 1.22 | 0.23 | 0.20 | - | 0.07 | 0.14 | - | - | - | - |
±0.18 | ±0.16 | ±0.23 | ±0.03 | ±0.12 | ±0.03 | ±0.006 | ±0.05 | ±0.005 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | ±0.04 | ||||||
3 | 45.59 | 28.85 | 19.57 | 1.32 | 2.63 | 0.59 | 0.02 | 0.62 | 0.36 | 0.18 | - | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.05 | - | - | - |
±0.19 | ±0.18 | ±0.24 | ±0.03 | ±0.13 | ±0.03 | ±0.006 | ±0.04 | ±0.006 | ±0.01 | ±0.02 | ±0.04 | ±0.007 | |||||
4 | 50.50 | 23.89 | 19.35 | 2.56 | 2.31 | 0.55 | 0.07 | 0.38 | 0.23 | 0.13 | - | - | - | 0.03 | 0.07 | - | - |
±0.17 | ±0.14 | ±0.2 | ±0.04 | ±0.11 | ±0.02 | ±0.006 | ±0.03 | ±0.004 | ±0.008 | ±0.005 | ±0.002 | ||||||
5 | 45.92 | 26.41 | 15.53 | 1.04 | 2.51 | 1.52 | 0.05 | 0.44 | 0.35 | 6.19 | - | 0.05 | - | - | - | - | - |
±0.2 | ±0.17 | ±0.25 | ±0.03 | ±0.14 | ±0.03 | ±0.007 | ±0.04 | ±0.007 | ±0.07 | ±0.02 | |||||||
6 | 5.55 | 83.88 | - | 0.30 | 2.93 | 1.79 | 0.28 | 1.49 | 2.26 | 1.11 | - | 0.41 | - | - | - | - | - |
±0.12 | ±0.29 | ±0.04 | ±0.21 | ±0.06 | ±0.05 | ±0.11 | ±0.05 | ±0.09 | ±0.12 | ||||||||
7 | 27.90 | 44.72 | 17.16 | 0.93 | 1.94 | 1.23 | 0.13 | 0.48 | 0.90 | 4.26 | - | - | 0.35 | - | 0.08 | - | - |
±0.22 | ±0.31 | ±0.39 | ±0.04 | ±0.17 | ±0.05 | ±0.02 | ±0.06 | ±0.02 | ±0.09 | ±0.06 | ±0.01 | ||||||
8 | 51.62 | 22.05 | 20.94 | 1.44 | 2.24 | 0.93 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.12 | - | - | - | - |
±0.17 | ±0.14 | ±0.19 | ±0.03 | ±0.11 | ±0.02 | ±0.004 | ±0.03 | ±0.004 | ±0.009 | ±0.008 | ±0.01 | ±0.03 | |||||
9 | 32.50 | 48.55 | 11.08 | 0.88 | 3.24 | 1.56 | 0.06 | 0.47 | 0.86 | 0.49 | - | - | 0.20 | 0.11 | - | 0.16 | - |
±0.22 | ±0.3 | ±0.37 | ±0.04 | ±0.17 | ±0.04 | ±0.01 | ±0.05 | ±0.02 | ±0.03 | ±0.05 | ±0.02 | ±0.04 | |||||
10 | 36.17 | 13.88 | 20.29 | 0.98 | 1.50 | 0.92 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.24 | 25.72 | - | 0.02 | 0.11 | - | - | - | - |
±0.15 | ±0.1 | ±0.24 | ±0.02 | ±0.08 | ±0.02 | ±0.005 | ±0.02 | ±0.005 | ±0.12 | ±0.007 | ±0.02 | ||||||
11 | 51.96 | 20.09 | 21.59 | 1.40 | 2.37 | 1.51 | 0.35 | 0.28 | 0.18 | 0.12 | - | - | 0.15 | - | - | - | - |
±0.17 | ±0.13 | ±0.18 | ±0.03 | ±0.12 | ±0.03 | ±0.01 | ±0.03 | ±0.004 | ±0.008 | ±0.04 | |||||||
12 | 45.95 | 24.74 | 18.16 | 3.10 | 2.17 | 4.76 | 0.05 | 0.49 | 0.24 | 0.15 | - | - | 0.15 | 0.04 | - | - | - |
±0.17 | ±0.16 | ±0.21 | ±0.04 | ±0.12 | ±0.04 | ±0.006 | ±0.04 | ±0.005 | ±0.01 | ±0.04 | ±0.006 | ||||||
13 | 53.98 | 17.26 | 22.51 | 2.01 | 1.66 | 1.82 | 0.05 | 0.34 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.10 | - | - | - | - |
±0.15 | ±0.1 | ±0.17 | ±0.03 | ±0.08 | ±0.03 | ±0.004 | ±0.02 | ±0.003 | ±0.005 | ±0.005 | ±0.007 | ±0.03 | |||||
14 | 49.84 | 22.05 | 23.11 | 1.23 | 2.21 | 0.78 | 0.03 | 0.46 | 0.16 | 0.08 | - | 0.05 | - | - | - | - | - |
±0.16 | ±0.13 | ±0.19 | ±0.03 | ±0.1 | ±0.02 | ±0.004 | ±0.03 | ±0.003 | ±0.006 | ±0.01 | |||||||
15 | 55.29 | 16.91 | 22.36 | 2.14 | 2.23 | 0.41 | 0.02 | 0.24 | 0.16 | 0.09 | - | 0.03 | 0.13 | - | - | - | - |
±0.16 | ±0.11 | ±0.16 | ±0.03 | ±0.1 | ±0.02 | ±0.003 | ±0.02 | ±0.003 | ±0.006 | ±0.008 | ±0.03 | ||||||
16 | 43.63 | 30.69 | 19.67 | 1.70 | 2.65 | 0.74 | 0.03 | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.14 | - | - | 0.12 | - | 0.03 | - | - |
±0.18 | ±0.18 | ±0.22 | ±0.03 | ±0.14 | ±0.03 | ±0.006 | ±0.03 | ±0.006 | ±0.01 | ±0.04 | ±0.003 | ||||||
17 | 49.63 | 18.44 | 22.54 | 5.90 | 1.88 | 0.65 | 0.03 | 0.57 | 0.17 | 0.06 | - | - | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.01 | - | - |
±0.15 | ±0.12 | ±0.17 | ±0.05 | ±0.1 | ±0.02 | ±0.003 | ±0.03 | ±0.003 | ±0.005 | ±0.03 | ±0.004 | ±0.002 | |||||
18 | 49.51 | 19.84 | 25.12 | 1.51 | 2.10 | 1.24 | 0.01 | 0.30 | - | 0.09 | - | 0.04 | 0.21 | 0.03 | 0.01 | - | - |
±0.16 | ±0.12 | ±0.18 | ±0.03 | ±0.1 | ±0.03 | ±0.003 | ±0.02 | ±0.007 | ±0.009 | ±0.03 | ±0.004 | ±0.002 | |||||
19 | 56.56 | 15.47 | 22.98 | 1.49 | 2.08 | 0.75 | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.03 | - | 0.13 | 0.02 | - | - | - |
±0.16 | ±0.11 | ±0.16 | ±0.03 | ±0.1 | ±0.02 | ±0.003 | ±0.02 | ±0.003 | ±0.006 | ±0.005 | ±0.03 | ±0.003 | |||||
20 | 47.09 | 20.37 | 20.52 | 4.82 | 2.04 | 4.26 | 0.02 | 0.36 | 0.16 | 0.11 | - | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.03 | 0.01 | - | - |
±0.15 | ±0.12 | ±0.18 | ±0.04 | ±0.1 | ±0.04 | ±0.003 | ±0.02 | ±0.003 | ±0.007 | ±0.008 | ±0.03 | ±0.003 | ±0.002 | ||||
21 | 49.82 | 24.84 | 19.44 | 1.57 | 2.65 | 0.6 | 0.03 | 0.41 | 0.21 | 0.16 | - | 0.05 | 0.19 | 0.04 | - | - | - |
±0.19 | ±0.15 | ±0.21 | ±0.03 | ±0.13 | ±0.02 | ±0.005 | ±0.03 | ±0.004 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | ±0.04 | ±0.005 | |||||
22 | 49.08 | 20.06 | 22.92 | 3.38 | 2.16 | 1.69 | 0.04 | 0.29 | 0.13 | 0.10 | - | 0.03 | 0.12 | - | - | - | - |
±0.16 | ±0.12 | ±0.18 | ±0.04 | ±0.1 | ±0.03 | ±0.004 | ±0.02 | ±0.003 | ±0.006 | ±0.008 | ±0.03 | ||||||
23 | 55.16 | 16.75 | 24.04 | 1.09 | 2.08 | 0.38 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 0.14 | 0.05 | - | 0.02 | - | 0.03 | 0.01 | - | - |
±0.15 | ±0.11 | ±0.16 | ±0.02 | ±0.1 | ±0.02 | ±0.003 | ±0.02 | ±0.003 | ±0.005 | ±0.007 | ±0.003 | ±0.002 | |||||
24 | 55.09 | 17.22 | 22.51 | 1.99 | 2.20 | 0.38 | 0.03 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 0.05 | - | 0.04 | 0.09 | - | 0.01 | 0.08 | - |
±0.16 | ±0.11 | ±0.16 | ±0.03 | ±0.1 | ±0.02 | ±0.003 | ±0.02 | ±0.003 | ±0.005 | ±0.008 | ±0.03 | ±0.002 | ±0.02 | ||||
25 | 48.25 | 19.75 | 21.52 | 3.64 | 2.26 | 3.70 | 0.03 | 0.41 | 0.18 | 0.13 | - | 0.03 | 0.11 | - | 0.01 | - | - |
±0.15 | ±0.12 | ±0.18 | ±0.04 | ±0.1 | ±0.04 | ±0.004 | ±0.03 | ±0.003 | ±0.007 | ±0.008 | ±0.03 | ±0.002 | |||||
26 | 46.77 | 26.33 | 18.17 | 2.88 | 2.82 | 1.83 | 0.01 | 0.61 | 0.18 | 0.34 | - | 0.06 | - | - | - | - | - |
±0.18 | ±0.15 | ±0.22 | ±0.04 | ±0.12 | ±0.03 | ±0.004 | ±0.03 | ±0.004 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | |||||||
27 | 49.40 | 20.07 | 23.56 | 2.25 | 2.23 | 1.50 | 0.01 | 0.5 | 0.16 | 0.10 | - | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.03 | - | - | - |
±0.17 | ±0.13 | ±0.19 | ±0.03 | ±0.11 | ±0.03 | ±0.003 | ±0.03 | ±0.003 | ±0.007 | ±0.01 | ±0.03 | ±0.004 | |||||
28 | 45.94 | 28.24 | 18.97 | 2.08 | 2.22 | 1.13 | 0.05 | 0.61 | 0.24 | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.18 | - | - | - | - |
±0.18 | ±0.16 | ±0.22 | ±0.03 | ±0.12 | ±0.03 | ±0.006 | ±0.04 | ±0.005 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | ±0.02 | ±0.04 | |||||
29 | 47.10 | 26.51 | 20.15 | 1.28 | 2.15 | 1.94 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.14 | - | 0.07 | 0.11 | - | - | - | - |
±0.18 | ±0.16 | ±0.22 | ±0.03 | ±0.12 | ±0.03 | ±0.006 | ±0.03 | ±0.005 | ±0.01 | ±0.02 | ±0.04 | ||||||
30 | 47.55 | 27.97 | 18.61 | 1.39 | 2.70 | 0.75 | 0.03 | 0.33 | 0.26 | 0.13 | - | 0.06 | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.02 | - | - |
±0.19 | ±0.16 | ±0.23 | ±0.03 | ±0.13 | ±0.03 | ±0.005 | ±0.03 | ±0.005 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | ±0.04 | ±0.006 | ±0.003 | ||||
31 | 61.39 | 9.94 | 20.95 | 2.40 | 2.29 | 2.28 | 0.03 | 0.33 | 0.17 | 0.07 | - | - | 0.15 | - | - | - | - |
±0.17 | ±0.1 | ±0.16 | ±0.04 | ±0.12 | ±0.03 | ±0.003 | ±0.03 | ±0.003 | ±0.006 | ±0.04 | |||||||
32 | 50.49 | 23.5 | 21.22 | 0.86 | 1.92 | 0.36 | 0.04 | 1.17 | 0.20 | 0.13 | - | 0.11 | - | - | - | - | - |
±0.18 | ±0.14 | ±0.2 | ±0.02 | ±0.11 | ±0.02 | ±0.005 | ±0.05 | ±0.004 | ±0.009 | ±0.01 | |||||||
33 | 48.93 | 20.65 | 21.66 | 2.96 | 2.05 | 2.90 | 0.04 | 0.31 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.14 | - | 0.01 | - | - |
±0.15 | ±0.12 | ±0.18 | ±0.03 | ±0.1 | ±0.03 | ±0.004 | ±0.02 | ±0.003 | ±0.007 | ±0.006 | ±0.009 | ±0.03 | ±0.002 | ||||
34 | 48.08 | 21.36 | 18.75 | 6.96 | 2.07 | 1.86 | 0.07 | 0.4 | 0.19 | 0.13 | - | - | 0.14 | - | 0.02 | - | - |
±0.17 | ±0.14 | ±0.2 | ±0.05 | ±0.12 | ±0.03 | ±0.006 | ±0.03 | ±0.004 | ±0.009 | ±0.04 | ±0.002 |
Object Number | Chemical Elements, Weight % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | O | Al | Si | Na | Mg | Ca | K | P | Cl | F | Fe | Ti | Mn | Pb | Sn | Cu | Zr | Ba | In | As | Ce | N | S | |
13 | 7.97–57.40 | 31.54–56.20 | 1.93–9.81 | 4.48–28.33 | 2.92–3.47 | - | 1.27–5.75 | 1.38–8.71 | 1.00–5.97 | 1.24 | - | 1.58–13.72 | 1.38 | 7.25 | 1.59–34.25 | 3.76–27.14 | 2.02 | - | - | - | 1.36 | - | - | - |
15 | 1.16–4.59 | 53.07–60.20 | 6.53–8.59 | 22.35–29.10 | 1.08–2.68 | - | 1.04–1.13 | 1.25–3.04 | - | 3.29–4.25 | - | 1.88–5.71 | 1.15–1.63 | - | - | 9.10 | 10.69 | - | - | 1.75 | - | - | - | - |
18 | 13.58–13.73 | 42.45–57.28 | 1.83–13.31 | 23.13–43.28 | - | - | 1.07–6.77 | 1.11–7.98 | 1.26 | 1.26–5.78 | - | 1.19–7.83 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
20 | 8.65–34.95 | 38.80–57.50 | 2.33–13.30 | 4.52–30.24 | 1.18–3.68 | 1.02–4.38 | 1.11–19.44 | 1.12–10.36 | 1.20–3.22 | - | - | 1.01–12.68 | 1.02 | - | 3.63–8.64 | - | ≤1.00 | - | 1.92 | - | - | - | - | - |
23 | 4.27–12.55 | 41.60–58.74 | 3.41–9.50 | 9.77–37.11 | - | - | 1.10–1.60 | 1.04–7.94 | - | 1.04–3.84 | - | 2.07–21.39 | 13.38 | 1.56 | - | - | 1.04–3.92 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
25 | 10.09–42.34 | 20.16–51.83 | 1.01–7.02 | 1.20–19.40 | - | - | 1.55–11.83 | 2.88–12.67 | 1.01–11.63 | 1.25–2.57 | - | 1.44–5.46 | 1.53 | - | 3.83–52.56 | 1.13–4.98 | - | - | 2.00 | - | - | - | 7.72–10.14 | - |
31 | 2.28–9.27 | 41.33–63.33 | 1.43–13.30 | 2.96–39.39 | 1.21–4.82 | 2.35–6.62 | 1.96–17.23 | 1.02–8.77 | 2.24–11.34 | 1.01–6.86 | 2.81–9.27 | 2.14–11.36 | - | - | 1.34–9.28 | 1.48 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
33 | 7.13–47.99 | 33.45–52.54 | 2.25–8.52 | 3.72–16.26 | - | - | 1.29–3.82 | 1.10–2.61 | 1.10–6.08 | 1.07–1.40 | - | 2.03–9.31 | - | - | 1.22–38.84 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
34 | 7.86–24.82 | 31.68–46.01 | 1.04–7.68 | 1.32–12.41 | - | - | 1.14–6.25 | 2.35 | 1.38–6.53 | 1.11–1.46 | - | 1.08–4.88 | - | - | 9.91–38.97 | 1.43–33.86 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
16 | 1.70–6.68 | 37.75–60.51 | 2.31–13.06 | 15.79–43.40 | 1.52–3.51 | 1.08–1.20 | 1.00–2.10 | 1.57–8.31 | - | 2.10–14.18 | - | 1.31–24.13 | 1.14–1.20 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
17 | 3.12–9.49 | 35.11–61.16 | 4.28–11.36 | 12.16–33.03 | 2.55–2.92 | 2.16 | 1.00–3.83 | 1.09–11.48 | 1.08–1.12 | 1.09–4.46 | - | 2.02–18.13 | 1.20–12.47 | 1.49 | - | - | - | 12.48 | - | - | - | 1.03 | - | - |
22 | 7.89–20.50 | 46.37–66.06 | 5.85–11.92 | 11.79–38.50 | 4.22 | 1.18–1.43 | 1.37–2.45 | 1.04–5.11 | 1.37 | 1.16–2.48 | - | 2.71–9.37 | 1.37 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.11 |
26 | 4.69–10.34 | 44.90–54.68 | 4.53–9.25 | 19.21–26.00 | 1.38–1.84 | 1.04–1.11 | 1.51–7.00 | 1.13–5.01 | - | 2.12 | - | 3.35–7.89 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Spectrum, Number | Chemical Elements, Weight % | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | O | Al | Si | Na | Mg | Ca | K | P | Cl | Fe | Ti | Mn | Pb | Sn | Cu | Ba | In | As | S | N | |
N13/1/2 | 9.07 | 44.12 | 4.94 | 11.49 | 0.42 | 0.19 | 1.05 | 1.62 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 2.24 | 0.22 | - | 15.05 | 1.91 | 0.32 | - | - | 1.36 | - | 5.60 |
N13/1/3 | 16.86 | 34.34 | 4.23 | 9.94 | 0.31 | 0.42 | 2.13 | 1.62 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 10.64 | 0.63 | - | 12.02 | 3.61 | 2.02 | - | - | 0.52 | - | - |
N13/1/7 | 17.72 | 46.26 | 4.00 | 10.37 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 1.42 | 1.20 | 0.35 | 0.20 | 3.20 | 0.30 | - | 6.43 | 1.87 | - | - | - | 0.59 | - | 5.46 |
N13/4/13 | 13.91 | 36.59 | 3.69 | 8.33 | 0.18 | 0.37 | 3.09 | 1.22 | 4.48 | 0.55 | 4.77 | 0.25 | - | 22.57 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
N13/4/19 | 52.90 | 9.00 | 26.29 | 3.14 | 0.38 | 3.61 | 1.33 | 0.51 | 1.24 | 3.23 | 0.19 | - | 34.25 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
N15/1/1 | - | 60.20 | 6.90 | 22.35 | 0.51 | 0.44 | 1.04 | - | 0.33 | 3.29 | 2.93 | 0.25 | - | - | 9.10 | 10.69 | - | 1.75 | - | 0.23 | - |
N15/1/2 | 1.81 | 53.59 | 7.41 | 25.49 | 0.49 | 0.41 | 1.13 | 1.94 | 0.57 | 4.25 | 2.92 | 0.34 | - | - | - | 0.93 | - | - | - | 0.54 | - |
N15/2/6 | - | 48.60 | 9.51 | 24.74 | 0.45 | 0.69 | 2.36 | 3.90 | 1.12 | 0.56 | 5.03 | 0.92 | - | - | - | 0.60 | - | - | - | - | - |
N20/1/3 | 9.73 | 50.71 | 8.29 | 17.92 | 0.64 | 0.98 | 1.44 | 0.90 | 0.41 | - | 7.90 | 0.86 | 0.12 | - | - | 0.20 | - | - | - | - | - |
N20/1/8 | 10.06 | 53.70 | 7.57 | 16.03 | 0.79 | 1.01 | 1.24 | 0.98 | 0.69 | - | 7.29 | 0.25 | 0.12 | - | - | 0.27 | - | - | - | - | - |
N20/3/10 | 21.14 | 38.80 | 5.72 | 17.16 | 0.28 | 0.21 | 1.43 | 7.17 | 1.91 | 0.17 | 1.47 | - | - | 3.63 | - | - | 0.92 | - | - | - | - |
N20/3/9 | 19.37 | 39.64 | 4.66 | 13.20 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 2.80 | 4.58 | 3.22 | 0.39 | 2.55 | 0.37 | - | 8.64 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
N23/1/2 | 7.99 | 45.79 | 7.40 | 24.20 | 0.44 | 0.20 | 0.61 | 7.94 | 0.22 | 1.04 | 3.38 | 0.28 | - | - | - | 0.51 | - | - | - | - | - |
N23/1/5 | - | 56.27 | 6.68 | 25.40 | 0.43 | 0.47 | 0.67 | 2.55 | 0.20 | 1.83 | 2.88 | 0.28 | - | - | - | 2.33 | - | - | - | - | - |
N23/1/6 | - | 48.51 | 7.77 | 26.58 | 0.39 | 0.48 | 1.45 | 3.30 | 0.26 | 2.04 | 8.06 | 0.62 | - | - | - | 0.55 | - | - | - | - | - |
N25/1/1 | - | 42.32 | 6.51 | 19.19 | 0.53 | 0.17 | 2.73 | 12.67 | 2.35 | 0.78 | 1.32 | - | - | 9.44 | - | - | 2.00 | - | - | - | - |
N25/1/4 | - | 36.35 | 1.49 | 1.85 | - | 0.23 | 7.85 | - | 7.87 | 1.79 | 1.69 | - | - | 37.09 | 3.78 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
N25/1/9 | 19.11 | 36.43 | 1.71 | 3.19 | 0.23 | 0.28 | 5.88 | - | 5.39 | 1.14 | 1.96 | - | - | 23.18 | 2.93 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
N25/2/1 | 15.92 | 35.44 | 2.18 | 4.63 | - | 0.41 | 6.32 | - | 5.21 | 1.16 | 2.28 | - | - | 22.13 | 4.38 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
N25/2/19 | 20.19 | 39.42 | 2.51 | 6.54 | - | 0.33 | 6.75 | 0.61 | 5.51 | 0.96 | 3.12 | - | - | 19.95 | 3.48 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
N31/ 1/1 | - | 51.66 | 3.37 | 7.14 | 0.25 | 0.45 | 4.36 | 0.43 | 4.37 | 3.39 | 4.90 | 0.20 | - | 9.28 | 1.48 | - | - | - | - | - | 8.73 |
N31/1/3 | - | 56.41 | 3.94 | 6.62 | 0.39 | 0.98 | 3.51 | 0.23 | 4.08 | 3.51 | 3.70 | 0.17 | - | 6.57 | 0.91 | - | - | - | - | - | 8.11 |
N31/1/14 | - | 55.19 | 5.52 | 10.29 | 0.30 | 6.62 | 3.11 | 0.50 | 2.78 | 2.50 | 3.48 | 0.19 | - | 5.81 | 1.04 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
N33/1/3 | - | 39.41 | 2.76 | 4.39 | - | 0.24 | 3.57 | 0.41 | 6.08 | 1.40 | 2.30 | - | - | 38.84 | - | - | - | - | 0.60 | - | - |
N33/1/8 | - | 37.79 | 3.30 | 5.69 | - | 0.30 | 3.82 | 0.54 | 5.94 | 1.25 | 3.08 | - | - | 38.28 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
N33/1/11 | 9.31 | 48.31 | 5.56 | 11.30 | 0.25 | 0.53 | 2.03 | 1.10 | 2.75 | 0.40 | 4.36 | 0.33 | - | 13.77 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
N34/1/3 | 7.86 | 39.49 | 1.31 | 3.21 | - | - | 1.14 | - | 1.38 | - | 1.83 | - | - | 9.91 | 33.86 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
N34/2/5 | - | 46.01 | 2.81 | 5.52 | 0.37 | 0.30 | 4.04 | 0.59 | 6.07 | 1.46 | 2.15 | - | - | 37.97 | 3.91 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
N34/2/6 | 13.57 | 31.68 | 1.09 | 1.75 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 4.68 | - | 6.53 | 0.69 | 3.61 | - | - | 34.14 | 2.50 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
N34/3/2 | 20.11 | 36.34 | 2.41 | 4.64 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 3.43 | - | 2.95 | 0.30 | 2.69 | - | - | 12.39 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
N34/3/6 | 8.72 | 37.68 | 1.06 | 1.83 | 0.15 | - | 1.91 | - | 3.06 | 0.43 | 1.50 | - | - | 16.65 | 27.14 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
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Zhushchikhovskaya, I.S.; Buravlev, I.Y. Ancient Ceramic Casting Molds from the Southern Russian Far East: Identification of Alloy Traces via Application of Nondestructive SEM-EDS and pXRF Methods. Heritage 2021, 4, 2643-2667. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040149
Zhushchikhovskaya IS, Buravlev IY. Ancient Ceramic Casting Molds from the Southern Russian Far East: Identification of Alloy Traces via Application of Nondestructive SEM-EDS and pXRF Methods. Heritage. 2021; 4(4):2643-2667. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040149
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhushchikhovskaya, Irina S., and Igor Yu. Buravlev. 2021. "Ancient Ceramic Casting Molds from the Southern Russian Far East: Identification of Alloy Traces via Application of Nondestructive SEM-EDS and pXRF Methods" Heritage 4, no. 4: 2643-2667. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040149