Art Casting in Portuguese 19th Century Industrial Foundries: A Multi-Analytical Study of an Emblematic Copper-Based Alloy Monument
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The D. Afonso Henriques’ Outdoor Sculpture
2.2. Experimental
2.2.1. XRF
2.2.2. Microscopy
2.2.3. XRD
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Metal Alloy
3.2. Corrosion Products
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Area | Cu | Sn | Zn | Pb | As | Bi | Patina Thickness (µm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AH1 | 67.5 | 17.5 | 12.2 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 120 |
AH2 | 84.1 | 10.9 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 60 |
AH3 | 90.75 | 6.3 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.05 | 60 |
AH4 | 75.3 | 13.5 | 6.6 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 130 |
AH5 | 89.9 | 7.9 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.3 | N.D. | 80 |
Sample | Colour | Cuprite | Brochantite | Cassiterite | Posnjakite | Tenorite | Quartz |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AH1 | White | X | X | X | |||
AH2 | Light green/blue | X | |||||
AH4 | Pale green | X | X | X | |||
AH6 | Pale green | X | X | ||||
E1 | Green/Blue | X | X | X | |||
E2 | Green/Blue | X | X | X | |||
E4 | Yellow/green | X | X | ||||
E5 | Dark brown | X | X | ||||
E6 | Green/Blue | X | X | ||||
E7 | Dark brown | X | X | X | |||
ESP1 | Dark brown | X | X | ||||
ESP2 | Light brown | X | X | X | X | ||
ESP5 | Dark brown | X | |||||
ESP6 | Pale green | X | X | ||||
ESP7 | Dark brown | X | X | X | |||
ESP8 | Brown | X | X |
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General-Toro, P.; Bordalo, R.; Moreira, P.R.; Vieira, E.; Brunetti, A.; Iannaccone, R.; Bottaini, C. Art Casting in Portuguese 19th Century Industrial Foundries: A Multi-Analytical Study of an Emblematic Copper-Based Alloy Monument. Heritage 2021, 4, 3050-3064. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040170
General-Toro P, Bordalo R, Moreira PR, Vieira E, Brunetti A, Iannaccone R, Bottaini C. Art Casting in Portuguese 19th Century Industrial Foundries: A Multi-Analytical Study of an Emblematic Copper-Based Alloy Monument. Heritage. 2021; 4(4):3050-3064. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040170
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeneral-Toro, Pablo, Rui Bordalo, Patrícia Raquel Moreira, Eduarda Vieira, Antonio Brunetti, Roberta Iannaccone, and Carlo Bottaini. 2021. "Art Casting in Portuguese 19th Century Industrial Foundries: A Multi-Analytical Study of an Emblematic Copper-Based Alloy Monument" Heritage 4, no. 4: 3050-3064. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040170