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Volume 8
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Article

Eco-Fired Bricks from Phosphate Mine Waste Rocks: The Effects of Marble Waste Powder on the Physical and Microstructural Properties

by
Ayoub Bayoussef
1,2,
Samira Moukannaa
3,*,
Mohamed Loutou
2,4,
Yassine Taha
3,
Mostafa Benzaazoua
3 and
Rachid Hakkou
2,3,*
1
Higher School of Technology of Fkih Ben Salah, Sultane Moulay Sliman University of Beni-Mellal, Hay Tighnari, National Road to Casablanca N°11, P.O. Box 336, Beni-Mellal 23000, Morocco
2
Materials and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory (IMED-Lab), Faculty of Science and Technology Gueliz, Cadi Ayyad University, Avenue A. Elkhattabi, BP549, Marrakech 40000, Morocco
3
Geology and Sustainable Mining Institute (GSMI), Mohammad VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660. Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
4
Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Environment (LCM2E), Department of Chemistry, Faculty Multidisciplinary Nador, University Mohamed Premier, B.P. 300, Selouane, Nador 62700, Morocco
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Ceramics 2025, 8(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8020048
Submission received: 21 March 2025 / Revised: 21 April 2025 / Accepted: 25 April 2025 / Published: 1 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics in the Circular Economy for a Sustainable World)
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Abstract

Nowadays, the global brick industry utilizes billions of cubic meters of clay soil annually, resulting in the massive consumption of non-renewable resources. This study explores the viability of utilizing red marl from phosphate mining waste rocks for fired brick production. Ecofriendly fired bricks produced from 100% side streams (red marly clays (RM) and marble waste powder (MWP)) were prepared, pressed, dried at 105 °C, and then fired at 1100 °C for 1 h. The effects of marble waste powder addition (up to 30 wt%) on the physical, mechanical, mineralogical, and microstructural properties of the fired bricks were explored. The main results show that fired bricks with high compressive strength of a maximum of 39 MPa could be prepared with a mixture of red marl and 10 wt% of marble waste powder. The thermal conductivity was decreased by marble waste addition (from 0 to 30%) and was reduced from 0.93 W/m.k to 0.53 W/m.k; however, the compressive strength was also decreased to reach a minimum of 17 MPa. The firing shrinkage and density were also reduced with 30% marble waste by 41% and 18%, respectively. Therefore, red marly clays and marble waste could be promising raw materials for eco-fired brick production.
Keywords: red marl; mine waste rock valorization; marble waste; fired bricks; thermal conductivity; density red marl; mine waste rock valorization; marble waste; fired bricks; thermal conductivity; density

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MDPI and ACS Style

Bayoussef, A.; Moukannaa, S.; Loutou, M.; Taha, Y.; Benzaazoua, M.; Hakkou, R. Eco-Fired Bricks from Phosphate Mine Waste Rocks: The Effects of Marble Waste Powder on the Physical and Microstructural Properties. Ceramics 2025, 8, 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8020048

AMA Style

Bayoussef A, Moukannaa S, Loutou M, Taha Y, Benzaazoua M, Hakkou R. Eco-Fired Bricks from Phosphate Mine Waste Rocks: The Effects of Marble Waste Powder on the Physical and Microstructural Properties. Ceramics. 2025; 8(2):48. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8020048

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bayoussef, Ayoub, Samira Moukannaa, Mohamed Loutou, Yassine Taha, Mostafa Benzaazoua, and Rachid Hakkou. 2025. "Eco-Fired Bricks from Phosphate Mine Waste Rocks: The Effects of Marble Waste Powder on the Physical and Microstructural Properties" Ceramics 8, no. 2: 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8020048

APA Style

Bayoussef, A., Moukannaa, S., Loutou, M., Taha, Y., Benzaazoua, M., & Hakkou, R. (2025). Eco-Fired Bricks from Phosphate Mine Waste Rocks: The Effects of Marble Waste Powder on the Physical and Microstructural Properties. Ceramics, 8(2), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8020048

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