Evaluating Raw Albizia amara Plant Powder as a Plant-Derived Surface-Active Material

This study investigates the apparent surface-active and emulsifying behaviour of raw Albizia amara (AA) powder suspended in water, reflecting its traditional mode of use. AA suspensions (0.1–1% w/v) were prepared without extraction and evaluated for apparent surface tension, droplet size distribution, emulsification capacity, and emulsion stability. Increasing AA concentration reduced apparent surface tension from 57.13 ± 2.17 mN/m to 48.9 ± 0.06 mN/m, plateauing at higher concentrations. Both blending and high-shear mixing produced oil-in-water emulsions. Blending generated smaller initial droplets (1–10 µm), whilst high-shear mixing produced more uniform distributions (d₅₀ = 31.23 ± 0.95 µm). Emulsion capacity and stability increased with AA concentration, reaching 95.19 ± 3.39% and 89.81 ± 0.02% at 0.8% AA. As the system contains undissolved plant material, all measurements represent the apparent behaviour of a heterogeneous suspension. The specific molecular contributors to surface activity cannot be identified within this study. These findings provide a baseline physicochemical assessment of raw AA powder and support future work involving extraction, purification, and chemical characterisation to establish the mechanisms underlying its surface-active properties.