Hand Hygiene Knowledge and Practices among Domestic Hajj Pilgrims: Implications for Future Mass Gatherings Amidst COVID-19
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | n (%) |
---|---|
Age, years | |
Median (range) | 32 (18–63) |
Gender | |
Male: Female | 148:200 (42.5:57.5) |
Education | |
None | 11 (3.2) |
Primary/elementary school certificate | 22 (6.3) |
High school certificate | 73 (21) |
Diploma | 34 (9.8) |
University degree | 182 (52.4) |
Higher degree | 26 (7.5) |
Employment stats | |
Unemployed | 126 (36.3) |
Student | 42 (12) |
Employed | 180 (51.7) |
Self-employed | 19 (5.5) |
Full time worker | 148 (42.5) |
Casual/part-time worker | 13 (3.7) |
Number of times attending Hajj | |
Once | 270 (77.6) |
More than one | 78 (22.4) |
Variables | n (%) |
---|---|
Awareness of MoH recommendations | |
No | 117 (33.6) |
Yes | 231 (66.4) |
Sought pre-Hajj health advice | |
No | 85 (24.4) |
Yes | 263 (75.6) |
Sources of Hajj health advice | |
Doctors | 48 (11.1) |
Special Hajj websites (e.g., MoH) | 81 (18.8) |
Tour groups | 80 (18.5) |
Family and fiends | 130 (30.1) |
General websites | 93 (21.5) |
Vaccination status | |
Mandatory meningococcal vaccine | 286 (82.2) |
Recommended influenza vaccine | 280 (80.5) |
Questions | Answered n (%) |
---|---|
Which of the following diseases can be transmitted by poor hand hygiene? | |
Diarrhoeal diseases | |
True § | 286 (82.2) |
False | 62 (17.8) |
Flu, cough (upper respiratory infection or ILI) | |
True § | 271 (77.9) |
False | 77 (22.1) |
Hand-foot-mouth disease | |
True § | 202 (58) |
False | 146 (42) |
HIV/AIDS | |
True | 88 (25.3) |
False § | 260 (74.7) |
Skin infections | |
True § | 195 (56) |
False | 153 (44) |
Eye infections | |
True § | 258 (74.1) |
False | 90 (25.9) |
Diabetes | |
True | 16 (4.6) |
False § | 332 (95.4) |
Are the following statements correct? | |
Always keeping your hands clean may lower our body defence mechanism | |
True | 181 (52) |
False § | 167 (48) |
Hands should be held under water while lathering with soap | |
True | 120 (34.5) |
False § | 228 (65.5) |
An alcohol-based hand sanitiser that contains 40% alcohol is sufficient for hands disinfectant | |
True | 119 (34.2) |
False § | 229 (65.8) |
Rubbing my hands until soap forms a lather for 10 s before rinsing is enough for hand disinfection | |
True | 202 (58) |
False § | 146 (42) |
Temperature of water makes no difference in terms of the cleansing effect of hand cleaning | |
True § | 147 (42.2) |
False | 201 (57.8) |
Mean (±SD) of Total Scores (0 to 12) | 6.7 (±1.92) |
Types of Hand Hygiene | Before Meal n (%) | After Meal n (%) | After Toilet Action n (%) | After Touch A Sick Person n (%) | When Hands Visibly Dirty n (%) | After Waste Disposal n (%) | After Sneeze/Cough n (%) | After Handshakes n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water only | 60 (17.2) | 29 (8.3) | 33 (9.5) | 33 (9.5) | 12 (3.4) | 44 (12.6) | 60 (17.2) | 30 (8.6) |
Water and soap | 235 (67.5) | 279 (80.2) | 284 (81.6) | 138 (39.7) | 300 (86.2) | 214 (61.5) | 89 (25.6) | 68 (19.5) |
Alcohol hand rubs | 22 (6.3) | 19 (5.5) | 23 (6.6) | 111 (31.9) | 31 (8.9) | 44 (12.6) | 68 (19.5) | 63 (18.1) |
Water wipes | 16 (4.6) | 14 (4.0) | 5 (1.4) | 14 (4.0) | 3 (0.9) | 12 (3.4) | 51 (14.7) | 16 (4.6) |
Did not practice hand hygiene | 15 (4.3) | 7 (2.0) | 3 (0.9) | 52 (14.9) | 2 (0.6) | 34 (9.8) | 80 (23.0) | 171 (49.1) |
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Mahdi, H.; Alqahtani, A.; Barasheed, O.; Alemam, A.; Alhakami, M.; Gadah, I.; Alkediwi, H.; Alzahrani, K.; Fatani, L.; Dahlawi, L.; et al. Hand Hygiene Knowledge and Practices among Domestic Hajj Pilgrims: Implications for Future Mass Gatherings Amidst COVID-19. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2020, 5, 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5040160
Mahdi H, Alqahtani A, Barasheed O, Alemam A, Alhakami M, Gadah I, Alkediwi H, Alzahrani K, Fatani L, Dahlawi L, et al. Hand Hygiene Knowledge and Practices among Domestic Hajj Pilgrims: Implications for Future Mass Gatherings Amidst COVID-19. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2020; 5(4):160. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5040160
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahdi, Hashim, Amani Alqahtani, Osamah Barasheed, Amjad Alemam, Mohammed Alhakami, Ibrahim Gadah, Hadeel Alkediwi, Khadijah Alzahrani, Lujain Fatani, Lamis Dahlawi, and et al. 2020. "Hand Hygiene Knowledge and Practices among Domestic Hajj Pilgrims: Implications for Future Mass Gatherings Amidst COVID-19" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 4: 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5040160