A Rapid Assessment of Health Literacy and Health Status of Rohingya Refugees Living in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh Following the August 2017 Exodus from Myanmar: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
3.2. Health Literacy and Health Status
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Particulars (N = 1634) | Overall n (%) | Male n (%) | Female n (%) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of participants | 1634 | 913 (55.9) | 721 (44.1) | |
Age in years (median, mean ± SD) | 10–90 (32, 36.3 ± 13.8) | 10–90 (35, 37.7 ± 14.6) | 10–80 (30, 34.4 ± 12.5) | <0.01 |
Children (aged < 18 years) | 9 (0.6) | 7 (0.8) | 2 (0.3) | 0.19 |
Occupation in Myanmar | ||||
Farmer | 423 (25.9) | 393 (43.0) | 30 (4.2) | <0.01 |
Homemaker | 629 (38.5) | 5 (0.5) | 624 (86.5) | <0.01 |
Grocery businessman | 211 (12.9) | 199 (21.8) | 12 (1.7) | <0.01 |
Sedentary workers | 58 (3.5) | 56 (6.1) | 2 (0.3) | <0.01 |
Fisherman | 32 (2) | 32 (3.5) | 0 (0) | <0.01 |
Student | 32 (2) | 24 (2.6) | 8 (1.1) | 0.03 |
Labourer | 108 (6.6) | 97 (10.6) | 11 (1.5) | <0.01 |
Others | 95 (5.8) | 77 (8.4) | 18 (2.5) | <0.01 |
Retired | 32 (2.0) | 25 (2.7) | 7 (0.8) | 0.01 |
Unemployed | 14 (0.9) | 5 (0.5) | 9 (1.2) | 0.13 |
Years of education received | ||||
No education | 389 (23.8) | 241 (26.4) | 148 (20.5) | 0.01 |
1–5 years | 834 (51.1) | 403 (44.1) | 431 (59.8) | <0.01 |
6–10 years | 340 (20.7) | 208 (22.8) | 132 (18.3) | 0.03 |
11–12 years | 51 (3.2) | 41 (4.5) | 10 (1.4) | <0.01 |
>12 years | 20 (1.3) | 20 (2.2) | 0 (0) | <0.01 |
Particulars (N = 1634) | Overall n (%) |
---|---|
Owned lands in Rakhine | 1278 (78.2) |
Total arable land in acres, range (median; IQR) | 0.4–144 (2; 0.8–4.0) |
Own gold/jewelleries | 1310 (80.2) |
Total amount of gold in grams, range (median) | 1–478 (23.3) |
Family income per month in US$ before migration, range (median; IQR) | 0–5200 (65; 65–195) |
Have money deposited in a bank | 12 (0.7) |
Roof of your Myanmar house built with | |
Leaves | 909 (55.6) |
Thatched | 597 (36.5) |
Corrugated iron sheets | 111 (6.8) |
Others | 17 (1) |
At home, where did you usually get your drinking water from? | |
Tube well | 1316 (80.5) |
Pond | 174 (10.6) |
Deep well | 105 (6.4) |
Other sources | 39 (2.4) |
Have sanitary latrine for the family in Myanmar | 1583 (96.9) |
One latrine | 1267 (77.5) |
More than one latrine | 316 (19.3) |
Particulars | Overall n (%) | Male n (%) | Female n (%) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total number of participants | 6268 | 2973 (47.4) | 3295 (52.6) | |
Age in years range (median, mean ± SD) | 0.1–120 (12, 15.9 ± 14.6) | 0.1–98 (11, 15.1 ± 14.7) | 0.1–120 (13, 16.5 ± 14.4) | <0.01 |
Children (aged < 18 years) | 4163 (66.4) | 2114 (71.1) | 2049 (62.2) | <0.01 |
Occupation in Myanmar | ||||
Student | 2217 (35.4) | 1129 (38.0) | 1088 (33.0) | <0.01 |
Homemaker | 1111 (17.7) | 19 (0.6) | 1092 (33.1) | <0.01 |
Farmer | 363 (5.8) | 339 (11.4) | 24 (0.7) | <0.01 |
Grocery businessman | 198 (3.2) | 189 (6.4) | 9 (0.3) | <0.01 |
Labourer | 150 (2.4) | 145 (4.9) | 5 (0.2) | <0.01 |
Others | 334 (5.3) | 182 (6.1) | 152 (4.6) | 0.01 |
Unemployed or too young to be employed | 1832 (29.2) | 940 (31.6) | 892 (27.1) | <0.01 |
Retired | 63 (1) | 30 (1) | 33 (1) | 0.98 |
Years of education received | ||||
No education | 2064 (32.9) | 1057 (35.6) | 1007 (30.6) | <0.01 |
1–5 years | 3322 (52.9) | 1434 (48.2) | 1888 (57.3) | <0.01 |
6–10 years | 810 (13) | 423 (14.2) | 387 (11.7) | <0.01 |
11–12 years | 51 (0.8) | 39 (1.3) | 12 (0.4) | <0.01 |
>12 years | 21 (0.3) | 20 (0.7) | 1 (0.03) | <0.01 |
Ever received a vaccine | 5255 (83.8) | 2475 (83.2) | 2780 (84.4) | 0.23 |
BCG vaccination in children < 5 years (N = 1264) | 764 (60.4) | 381 (12.8) | 383 (11.6) | 0.15 |
Are they ill now? (Yes) | 778 (12.4) | 318 () | 460 (14) | <0.01 |
Questions | Number (%) (Total N = 1634) |
---|---|
How do you treat if someone at home suffers from diarrhoea? | |
With oral rehydration salt | 736 (45) |
With medicine | 247 (15.1) |
Other | 54 (3.3) |
No response provided | 597 (36.5) |
Do you wash your hands with soap after the toilet? (Yes) | 1092 (66.8) |
Where do you go first when a family member is ill? | |
Unqualified village doctor | 882 (54) |
Pharmacy/dispensary | 449 (27.5) |
Government hospital | 274 (16.8) |
Other | 29 (1.7) |
Any babies born in the family in the last one year? (Yes) | 397 (24.3) |
Did a pregnant woman in your family ever receive a vaccine? (Yes) | 1102 (67.4) |
Did a pregnant woman in the family ever receive antenatal care? (Yes) | 562 (34.4) |
Place of delivery of the last baby born to the family | |
At home | 1464 (89.6) |
In hospital | 63 (3.9) |
Other places | 107 (6.5) |
Who delivered (or helped deliver) the last baby born in the family? | |
A traditional birth attendant | 1178 (72.1) |
A relative | 291 (17.8) |
A nurse/mid-wife or doctor | 71 (4.3) |
Other | 94 (5.8) |
Particulars | Number (%) |
---|---|
Any injury among family members in the last six months (N = 1634)? (Yes) | 547 (33.5) |
Injury type (N = 547) | |
Assault | 286 (52.3) |
Accident | 128 (23.4) |
Occupational | 51 (9.3) |
Domestic task | 41 (7.5) |
Other | 41 (7.5) |
Assault caused by (N = 276) | |
Stick | 128 (46.4) |
Bullet | 65 (23.6) |
Knife | 16 (5.8) |
Burn | 4 (1.4) |
Other | 63 (22.8) |
Treatment received (N = 547) | |
From pharmacy | 211 (38.6) |
From hospital | 158 (28.9) |
From primary care centre | 47 (8.6) |
No treatment received | 108 (19.7) |
Consequence of injuries (N = 547) | |
Complete resolution | 195 (35.6) |
Ongoing complaint or disability | 310 (56.7) |
Death | 42 (7.6) |
Any snake bitesamong family members in the last six months (N = 1634)? (Yes) | 48 (2.9) |
Fatalities from snake bites (N = 48) | 0 (0) |
Any dog bitesamong family members in the last six months (N = 1634)? (Yes) | 104 (6.3) |
Fatalities from dog bites (N = 104) | 5 (5%) |
At least one death among family members in the last one year (N = 1634) | 192 (11.8) |
Two deaths in the family | 25 (1.5) |
Three deaths in the family | 2 (0.1) |
Gender of deceased (N = 192) | |
Male | 134 (69.8) |
Female | 54 (28.1) |
Unspecified | 4 (2.1) |
Age of deceased in years, range (median) | 0.1–113 (31) |
Deceased aged≤50 years | 116 (60.4) |
When did the individual die? (N = 192) | |
Within the preceding 4 months | 114 (59.4) |
4–12 months prior | 78 (40.6) |
Cause of death (N = 192) | |
Homicide | 85 (44.2) |
Sudden unexpected death | 34 (17.7) |
Febrile illness | 19 (9.9) |
Paralytic illness | 11 (5.7) |
Accident | 9 (4.7) |
Maternal death | 8 (4.2) |
Coma | 4 (2.1) |
Other | 18 (9.4) |
Unknown | 4 (2.1) |
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Rahman, M.R.; Faiz, M.A.; Nu, M.Y.; Hassan, M.R.; Chakrabarty, A.K.; Kabir, I.; Islam, K.; Jafarullah, A.K.M.; Alakabawy, M.; Khatami, A.; et al. A Rapid Assessment of Health Literacy and Health Status of Rohingya Refugees Living in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh Following the August 2017 Exodus from Myanmar: A Cross-Sectional Study. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2020, 5, 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5030110
Rahman MR, Faiz MA, Nu MY, Hassan MR, Chakrabarty AK, Kabir I, Islam K, Jafarullah AKM, Alakabawy M, Khatami A, et al. A Rapid Assessment of Health Literacy and Health Status of Rohingya Refugees Living in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh Following the August 2017 Exodus from Myanmar: A Cross-Sectional Study. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2020; 5(3):110. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5030110
Chicago/Turabian StyleRahman, Md Ridwanur, Mohammad Abul Faiz, Ma Yin Nu, Md Rafiqul Hassan, Ashish Kumar Chakrabarty, Iqbal Kabir, Khaleda Islam, Abul Kashem Mohammad Jafarullah, Mariam Alakabawy, Ameneh Khatami, and et al. 2020. "A Rapid Assessment of Health Literacy and Health Status of Rohingya Refugees Living in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh Following the August 2017 Exodus from Myanmar: A Cross-Sectional Study" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 3: 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5030110
APA StyleRahman, M. R., Faiz, M. A., Nu, M. Y., Hassan, M. R., Chakrabarty, A. K., Kabir, I., Islam, K., Jafarullah, A. K. M., Alakabawy, M., Khatami, A., & Rashid, H. (2020). A Rapid Assessment of Health Literacy and Health Status of Rohingya Refugees Living in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh Following the August 2017 Exodus from Myanmar: A Cross-Sectional Study. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 5(3), 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5030110