The Hot-Water Extract of Sargassum sp. as a Feed Ingredient for Spotted Scat (Scatophagus argus Linnaeus, 1766) Reared in Songkhla Lake: Effects on Growth, Feed Efficiency, Hematological Data and Body Composition
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Sargassum sp. Extract
2.2. Experimental Diets
2.3. Total Phenolic Content
2.4. Experimental Design
2.5. Evaluation of Growth Performance and Feed Utilization
WG: [FBW (g) − IBW (g)]/IBW (g) × 100 |
ADG: [FBW (g) − IBW (g)]/d |
FCR: feed intake (g)/WG (g) |
FI: feed intake (g) × 100/{[IBW(g) + FBW(g))/2] × [initial fish quantity + final fish quantity]/2 × (experimental period)} |
FCE: {[WG (g)/feed intake (g)] × 100} |
PER: body weight gain (g)/protein intake (g) |
HSI: (liver weight (g) × 100)/body weight (g) |
SR: 100 × (final fish number of fish/initial number of fish) |
2.6. Evaluation of Hematological Data
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, Hepatosomatic Index and Survival Rate
3.2. Body Composition
3.3. Hematological Data
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composition | Sargassum polycystum |
---|---|
Moisture (%) | 0.47 ± 0.11 |
Ash (%) | 0.19 ± 0.04 |
Crude protein (%) | 13.59 ± 0.08 |
Crude lipid (%) | 0.90 ± 0.08 |
Crude fiber (%) | 0.60 ± 0.10 |
Total phenolic content (mg·g−1 tannic acid equivalent) | 522.04 ± 2.72 |
Diet | 0 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.75 | 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feed formula (g·kg−1) | |||||
Fish meal | 500 | 500 | 500 | 500 | 500 |
Squid liver | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
Soybean meal | 155 | 155 | 155 | 155 | 155 |
Rice bran | 110 | 110 | 110 | 110 | 110 |
Wheat flour | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Fish oil | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
Soybean oil | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
Vitamin mix a | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Mineral mix b | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Vitamin C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
S. polycystum extract | 0 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.75 | 1 |
CMC | 5 | 4.75 | 4.5 | 4.25 | 4.0 |
BHT C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Proximate composition (% dry weight) | |||||
Crude protein | 44.21 ± 0.12 a | 44.96 ± 0.24 a | 44.71 ± 0.78 a | 44.95 ± 0.12 a | 45.12 ± 0.65 a |
Crude lipid | 6.13 ± 0.28 a | 6.45 ± 0.35 a | 6.41 ± 0.42 a | 6.20 ± 0.25 a | 6.31 ± 0.20 a |
Crude fiber | 2.45 ± 0.30 b | 2.45 ± 0.06 b | 2.57 ± 0.30 ab | 2.18 ± 0.07 b | 2.93 ± 0.01 a |
Ash | 12.34 ± 0.86 a | 12.51 ± 0.29 a | 12.42 ± 0.30 a | 12.70 ± 0.11 a | 12.38 ± 0.22 a |
Moisture | 1.30 ± 0.41 a | 1.83 ± 0.62 a | 2.01 ± 0.11 a | 2.20 ± 0.01 a | 2.00 ± 0.03 a |
Gross energy (MJ·100 g−1) | 378.31 ± 5.49 a | 376.77 ± 1.57 a | 378.71 ± 7.08 a | 379.64 ± 7.01 a | 378.91 ± 7.81 a |
Sargassum Extract in Diet (g·kg−1) | p Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.75 | 1 | ANOVA | Linear | Quadratic | |
IBW (g) | 25.7 ± 1.27 | 25.6 ± 1.52 | 25.5 ± 0.62 | 25.4 ± 0.73 | 25.4 ± 0.81 | 0.997 | 0.729 | 0.937 |
FBW (g) | 36.6 ± 1.19 bc | 37.0 ± 0.20 b | 40.1 ± 1.31 a | 37.5 ± 0.33 b | 35.0 ± 0.96 c | 0.001 | 0.620 | 0.001 |
WG (%) | 42.5 ± 2.77 b | 45.0 ± 5.27 b | 58.0 ± 8.44 a | 47.8 ± 1.19 ab | 37.5 ± 7.76 b | 0.036 | 0.585 | 0.036 |
ADG (g·day−1) | 0.19 ± 0.01 bc | 0.20 ± 0.02 bc | 0.26 ± 0.03 a | 0.22 ± 0.01 b | 0.17 ± 0.03 c | 0.010 | 0.539 | 0.012 |
FCR | 0.52 ± 0.04 | 0.54 ± 0.08 | 0.41 ± 0.05 | 0.50 ± 0.15 | 0.59 ± 0.12 | 0.123 | 0.817 | 0.201 |
FI (g·fish−1) | 0.32 ± 0.01 | 0.34 ± 0.01 | 0.33 ± 0.01 | 0.32 ± 0.04 | 0.32 ± 0.01 | 0.059 | 0.569 | 0.018 |
FCE (%) | 194.0 ± 14.6 | 192.4 ± 24.1 | 246.1 ± 28.6 | 210.1 ± 6.76 | 174.25 ± 32.62 | 0.055 | 0.550 | 0.118 |
PER | 4.99 ± 0.28 c | 5.05 ± 0.50 c | 7.59 ± 0.53 a | 6.23 ± 0.24 b | 4.87 ± 0.51 c | 0.000 | 0.014 | 0.011 |
HSI (%) | 2.93 ± 2.89 | 2.60 ± 0.26 | 2.52 ± 0.20 | 2.48 ± 0.03 | 2.43 ± 0.26 | 0.264 | 0.044 | 0.479 |
SR (%) | 98.3 ± 2.89 | 99.2 ± 1.01 | 98.3 ± 2.89 | 99.2 ± 1.44 | 100.0 ± 0.00 | 0.737 | 0.433 | 1.00 |
Sample (Sargassum Extract g/kg) | (% Dry Matter Basis) | (% Wet Sample) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Crude Protein | Crude Lipid | Ash | Moisture | |
Initial fish | 52.29 ± 0.77 | 33.12 ± 0.76 | 13.89 ± 1.88 | 64.98 ± 0.96 |
0 | 46.66 ± 0.27 c | 34.86 ± 0.25 | 14.56 ± 0.42 ab | 63.69 ± 0.67 |
0.25 | 47.29 ± 0.42 bc | 35.45 ± 0.57 | 13.45 ± 0.07 d | 63.78 ± 1.99 |
0.5 | 49.08 ± 0.01 a | 35.89 ± 1.06 | 13.89 ± 0.29 cd | 63.78 ± 0.74 |
0.75 | 48.04 ± 0.75 b | 35.57 ± 1.12 | 14.24 ± 0.27 bc | 64.41 ± 0.49 |
1 | 47.11 ± 0.22 c | 35.02 ± 1.01 | 14.93 ± 0.01 a | 65.82 ± 2.46 |
ANOVA | 0.000 | 0.420 | 0.000 | 0.418 |
Linear | 0.005 | 0.919 | 0.033 | 0.152 |
Quadratic | 0.000 | 0.762 | 0.000 | 0.432 |
Sargassum Extract (g·kg−1) | Hematocrit (%) | White Blood Cells (×108 Cell·mL−1) | Red Blood Cells (×1010 Cell·mL−1) |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 35.07 ± 1.72 a | 6.84 ± 1.58 a | 5.07 ± 1.05 a |
0.25 | 35.96 ± 2.11 a | 6.02 ± 0.81 a | 5.39 ± 1.42 a |
0.5 | 36.80 ± 1.44 a | 6.02 ± 0.95 a | 5.68 ± 1.38 a |
0.75 | 36.17 ± 1.65 a | 6.19 ± 0.40 a | 5.35 ± 1.55 a |
1 | 35.53 ± 2.94 a | 6.17 ± 0.91 a | 5.29 ± 1.54 a |
ANOVA | 0.866 | 0.804 | 0.989 |
Linear | 0.765 | 0.509 | 0.884 |
Quadratic | 0.329 | 0.399 | 0.659 |
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Yangthong, M.; Ruensirikul, J.; Kaneko, G. The Hot-Water Extract of Sargassum sp. as a Feed Ingredient for Spotted Scat (Scatophagus argus Linnaeus, 1766) Reared in Songkhla Lake: Effects on Growth, Feed Efficiency, Hematological Data and Body Composition. Fishes 2022, 7, 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040170
Yangthong M, Ruensirikul J, Kaneko G. The Hot-Water Extract of Sargassum sp. as a Feed Ingredient for Spotted Scat (Scatophagus argus Linnaeus, 1766) Reared in Songkhla Lake: Effects on Growth, Feed Efficiency, Hematological Data and Body Composition. Fishes. 2022; 7(4):170. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040170
Chicago/Turabian StyleYangthong, Monsuang, Jirayuth Ruensirikul, and Gen Kaneko. 2022. "The Hot-Water Extract of Sargassum sp. as a Feed Ingredient for Spotted Scat (Scatophagus argus Linnaeus, 1766) Reared in Songkhla Lake: Effects on Growth, Feed Efficiency, Hematological Data and Body Composition" Fishes 7, no. 4: 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040170
APA StyleYangthong, M., Ruensirikul, J., & Kaneko, G. (2022). The Hot-Water Extract of Sargassum sp. as a Feed Ingredient for Spotted Scat (Scatophagus argus Linnaeus, 1766) Reared in Songkhla Lake: Effects on Growth, Feed Efficiency, Hematological Data and Body Composition. Fishes, 7(4), 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040170