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Allergies, Volume 5, Issue 4 (December 2025) – 4 articles

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20 pages, 663 KB  
Review
Glucocorticoid-Mediated Modulation of Eosinopoiesis in Asthma: A Paradoxical Duality
by Bruno Marques Vieira
Allergies 2025, 5(4), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/allergies5040035 - 6 Oct 2025
Viewed by 307
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) remain the cornerstone of asthma treatment due to their potent anti-inflammatory and eosinophil-suppressive effects in the airways, including the induction of peripheral eosinophil apoptosis and downregulation of type 2 cytokine signaling. However, emerging evidence reveals a paradoxical role for GCs in [...] Read more.
Glucocorticoids (GCs) remain the cornerstone of asthma treatment due to their potent anti-inflammatory and eosinophil-suppressive effects in the airways, including the induction of peripheral eosinophil apoptosis and downregulation of type 2 cytokine signaling. However, emerging evidence reveals a paradoxical role for GCs in the bone marrow, where they enhance eosinophil production (eosinopoiesis), especially under allergic, infectious, or surgical stress conditions. This duality reflects a complex immunoendocrine interplay involving GC-induced modulation of eosinophil progenitor survival, proliferation, and responsiveness to eosinopoietic cytokines such as interleukin-5 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Furthermore, GCs synergize with lipid mediators like cysteinyl-leukotrienes and prostaglandins, modulating both transcriptional and adhesion molecule profiles that prime eosinophil precursors for migration and differentiation. This review examines the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying GC-induced eosinopoiesis, its functional link to airway inflammation, and its clinical implications for asthma management. We also explore potential therapeutic strategies aimed at selectively modulating bone marrow eosinophil output without compromising the peripheral anti-inflammatory benefits of GCs. Understanding this paradoxical duality holds significant translational potential for improving disease control and preventing asthma exacerbations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Asthma/Respiratory)
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11 pages, 377 KB  
Review
Are Rhinitis and Asthma Just One Disease Affecting Different Parts of the Respiratory Tract?
by Victor Alexandru, Felicia Manole and Alexia Manole
Allergies 2025, 5(4), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/allergies5040034 - 3 Oct 2025
Viewed by 442
Abstract
Both allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps have important factors in common with asthma. They are often present simultaneously, they have similar pathogenesis processes, and they have synergistic effects on the clinical manifestations. There are also important considerations regarding [...] Read more.
Both allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps have important factors in common with asthma. They are often present simultaneously, they have similar pathogenesis processes, and they have synergistic effects on the clinical manifestations. There are also important considerations regarding the common treatment of these pathologies. Taking all these into account, it is possible to place these diseases under the “united airway disease” umbrella. However, matters such as embryologic origins, anatomy and function of the upper and lower airways, as well as cases where the aforementioned pathologies can be observed independently and have different treatment responses, make up reasonable counterarguments for the “united airway disease”. This narrative review attempts to put all these factors into perspective for a slightly better understanding of the complexity of this topic. We will take into consideration factors such as epidemiological data, pathogenesis and pathology, clinical considerations, and the benefits of a common treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers 2025)
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13 pages, 1905 KB  
Protocol
Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy in an Experimental Model of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Dosimetric Study
by Cintia Estefano Alves, Tawany Gonçalves Santos, Luana Beatriz Vitoretti, Cinthya Cosme Gutierrez Duran, Stella Zamuner, Rodrigo Labat, José Antonio Silva, Jr., Maria Cristina Chavantes, Flavio Aimbire, Renata Kelly da Palma and Ana Paula Ligeiro de Oliveira
Allergies 2025, 5(4), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/allergies5040033 - 26 Sep 2025
Viewed by 559
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different dosimetric parameters of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in an experimental model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). C57BL/6 mice were assigned to the following groups: Baseline, COPD, and COPD treated with PBMT at doses of [...] Read more.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different dosimetric parameters of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in an experimental model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). C57BL/6 mice were assigned to the following groups: Baseline, COPD, and COPD treated with PBMT at doses of 1 J, 3 J, 5 J, and 7.5 J. Treatment was performed using a diode laser (660 nm, 100 mW) applied for 10 s, 30 s, 50 s, and 120 s, respectively, over 15 consecutive days. COPD was induced by orotracheal instillation of cigarette smoke extract twice weekly for 45 days. Analyses included total cell count, immune cell profiling by flow cytometry, pulmonary infiltration of inflammatory markers, necrosis, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by the Newman–Keuls post hoc test, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. PBMT significantly reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, with the most pronounced anti-inflammatory effects observed at doses of 1 J and 3 J, highlighting the importance of appropriate dosimetry in optimizing the therapeutic outcomes of PBMT for COPD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physiopathology)
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17 pages, 993 KB  
Review
Pruritus in Autoimmune Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System: A Review
by Christian Messina and Mariateresa Zuccarello
Allergies 2025, 5(4), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/allergies5040032 - 23 Sep 2025
Viewed by 369
Abstract
Pruritus (itching) is an underrecognized but often debilitating symptom in patients with central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). It is often considered a paroxysmal symptom. Although less studied than pain or spasticity, pruritus [...] Read more.
Pruritus (itching) is an underrecognized but often debilitating symptom in patients with central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). It is often considered a paroxysmal symptom. Although less studied than pain or spasticity, pruritus can significantly impair the quality of life. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying pruritus in demyelinating CNS disorders, its clinical presentations, and the available treatment options. We explore the central origins of neuropathic itch, focusing on spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral lesions, with particular emphasis on white matter involvement and spinothalamic tract dysfunction. In addition, we review pruritus triggered or exacerbated by disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) used in MS and NMOSD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dermatology)
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