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Article

Study of Comparative Morphology of Eight Cultivated Genotypes of Olea europaea L

by
Ghulam Sarwar
1,
Tauseef Anwar
1,*,
Muhammad Shafique Chaudhary
1,
Moazzam Jamil
1,
Asif Kamal
2,
Abd El-Zaher M. A. Mustafa
3,
Abdullah Ahmed Al-Ghamdi
3,
Fazal Ullah
4 and
Wajid Zaman
5,*
1
Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
2
Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
3
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
4
State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
5
Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Horticulturae 2023, 9(6), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9060696
Submission received: 16 May 2023 / Revised: 3 June 2023 / Accepted: 8 June 2023 / Published: 13 June 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticultural Crops Genetics and Genomics)
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Abstract

:
The current study was designed to assess the comparative morphology of eight olive cultivars with different geographical origins and diverse genetic backgrounds, introduced to a new climatic zone. The morphological parameters of eight (five exotic and three domestic) olive cultivars (Bari Zaitoon-1, Bari Zaitoon-2, Favolosa (FS-17), Koroneiki, Balkasar, Ottobratica, Leccino, and Arbequina) were compared at the experimental area of the Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan (29°24′0″ North, 71°41′0″ East, 401–421 feet above sea level). Plant height, number of leaves/15 cm shoot, leaf size characteristics (leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, and length/width ratio), leaf shape characteristics (margin, leaf axil, base, and apex angles), leaf pigments (Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll contents, and carotenoids), phyllotaxy, and leaf color and venation were recorded. The highest plant height (28 cm) was obtained by Bari Zaitoon-2 followed by Bari Zaitoon-1 (24 cm), both of which are domestic cultivar of Pakistan, while the shortest height (5 cm) was obtained by Koroneiki. Leccino displayed the highest average number of leaves (17.8) on main shoot, followed by BARI-2 (16.4) and the lowest score was from Balkasar (10.4). Leaf area ranged from 5.66 cm2 (Bari Zaitoon-1) to 3.08 cm2 (Koroneiki). The longest leaf length (5.74 cm) was found in Bari Zaitoon-1 and the shortest (4.04 cm) in Koroneiki, while the broadest leaves were found in Leccino (1.54 cm) and the narrowest (1.12 cm) in Koroneiki. Bari Zaitoon-2 led in leaf length to width ratio (4.058) followed by Bari Zaitoon-1 (3.772) with small lanceolate leaves hardly reaching the value of 4, with the lowest value illustrated by Leccino. The total chloroplast pigments were highest in FS-17 followed by Bari Zaitoon-1 and Bari Zaitoon-2, while the lowest was in Arbequina. Chlorophyll a was highest in Bari Zaitoon-1 followed by FS-17 and Balkasar, with the lowest rate in Arbequina. Chlorophyll b content of FS-17 was the highest whereas the Chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents in Arbequina were the lowest of all the cultivars. The highest value of total carotenoids was found in Balkasar followed by FS-17 with the lowest value in Arbequina. The phyllotaxy was categorized into three types, i.e., alternate, opposite, and whorled. The combination of two or more types was usually observed on the same branch. The whorl of four leaves was also present in rare cases. Leaf venation was both pinnate and reticulate. The leaf base of most (four) of the olive cultivars, i.e., Arbequina, Balkasar, Leccino and FS-17, were cuneate having acute, rounded, apiculate, and cuspidate leaf tips, respectively. The findings revealed remarkable variations in olive morphology, especially in the leaves and a successful record of the preliminary data of olive cultivars from the study area was made. The present research demonstrated that local olive cultivars have unique characteristics that differentiate them from imported cultivars. Thus, local cultivars provide novel genetic resources that should be conserved.

1. Introduction

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a perennial, long-lived, evergreen tree of subtropical (Mediterranean region) origin. On the Greek island of Santorini, archaeological digs have uncovered olive leaf artefacts from the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods, which date to 37,000 [1]. It is believed that the olive tree originated in the eastern Mediterranean, where it has been planted since 4800 B.C. [2]. Since 3500 B.C. during the Minoan civilization, olive trees have been planted and manually harvested [3] on the island of Crete. Civilizations that progressively colonized the region extended across the Iberian Peninsula, northern Africa, and the rest of southern Europe from there. Over the last 500 years, olive has been introduced to the Americas, South Africa, Australia, China, and Japan, although it remains primarily a Mediterranean basin crop [4]. Although growth is feasible in other latitudes, olive thrives best in latitudes between 30° and 45° north and south [5]. Olive’s drought resistance and ability to thrive in shallow, poor quality soils make the plant one of the most appealing for cultivation in semiarid and arid locations. This agricultural interest is heightened by the fact that, despite its resistant nature, the tree responds well to any increase in farming circumstances [6].
O. europaea belongs to the oleaceae family; is a multipurpose tree and comprises 30 genera with 600 species and the Olea genus contains 20 species native to warm temperate and tropical regions [7]. Although multiple systems exist for botanically classifying the species, it is widely believed that commercial cultivars belong to the subspecies sativa and wild types to the subspecies sylvestris [8]. The olive’s current and growing attractiveness as a fruit tree is tied to the increasing demand for its products, both oil and fruits. This favorable market trend is due in part to dietetic research demonstrating the benefits of frequent use of olive fruit and oil for public health. Indeed, the existence of natural antioxidants and a low saturated-to-unsaturated fatty acid ratio may help to prevent some human illnesses [9].
The synergistic activity of numerous elements, such as vitamins (e.g., pigments and tocopherol), terpene acids, phytosterols, and phenolic compounds, is responsible for most of the health and nutritional advantages of intake of olives and virgin olive oil [10,11]. Phosphonic chemicals are powerful antioxidants that also contribute to the bitterness and astringency of olive oils. The presence of certain phenolic compounds in olive oil and drupes has been linked to the prevention of atherosclerosis and other coronary artery diseases [12,13]. Over 2600 varieties are currently in existence, which can be attributed to the olive tree’s extensive growth zone and lengthy lifespan. Genetic regulation, that is manifested in each variety’s features, determines how each variety behaves in each location. The genetic characteristics are then articulated in phenotypes, fruit maturity, stress tolerance, pest and disease resistance, and ultimate crop yields in addition to oil properties. Regardless of the differences in each cultivar’s traits, it is well recognized that many of these expressions are also significantly influenced by the pedo-climatic circumstances unique to each orchard [14]. An olive is an evergreen plant that does not often grow taller than 10 m. Its foliage is lanceolate and durable (they can last up to three years). They are brilliant green on top, silver on the bottom, and coated in hairs to prevent evapotranspiration. These specific characteristics help the olive tree cope with the harsh climatic conditions of the Mediterranean region.
The present study was designed to assess the comparative morphology of eight olive cultivars with different geographical origins and diverse genetic backgrounds, introduced to a new (hotter and dryer) climatic zone of Bahawalpur, Pakistan, under natural conditions.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Plant Height

Plant height indicates the vegetative growth behavior of a plant under a set of specific climatic conditions. The average plant height in olive cultivars was highly variable, ranging from 5 to 28 cm. A highly significant difference was noted in plant height among the olive cultivars. The greatest plant height (28 cm) was obtained by Bari Zaitoon-2 followed by Bari Zaitoon-1 (24 cm), both of which are domestic cultivars of Pakistan. The shortest plant height (5 cm) was obtained by Koroneiki (Figure 1).

2.2. Number of Leaves on Main Shoot

The number of leaves on branches depends upon the phyllotaxy and inter-nodal distance. The shape of the canopy, light interception, area, and canopy aeration depend upon leaf arrangement, number, and leaf size (Figure 2). The number of leaves on the main shoot was significantly variable between cultivars. The Leccino had the highest average number of leaves (17.8), followed by BARI-2 (16.4). The lowest score in the mentioned parameter was from Balkasar (10.4). This variable trend may be mainly due to genetic variations but may be driven by climatic conditions as well.

2.3. Leaf Length (cm), Width (cm), and Leaf Area (cm2)

A highly variable behavior was shown by olive cultivars in these parameters. The smallest leaf area (3.08 cm2) was measured in Koroneiki, with the lowest values for leaf length and width compared to the rest of the olive cultivars under consideration. The largest leaf size (5.66 cm2) was recorded in Bari Zaitoon-1 followed closely by Bari Zaitoon-2 (5.10 cm2). The longest leaf length was also seen in Bari Zaitoon-1 (5.74 cm) followed by Bari Zaitoon-2 (5.52 cm) and the shortest value was shown by Koroneiki (4.04 cm). The largest leaf width was found in Leccino (1.54 cm) followed by Bari Zaitoon-1 (1.45 cm) whereas the smallest value of said parameter was found in Koroneiki (1.12 cm). The rest of the cultivars fell between the two extremes, i.e., Koroneiki with smallest leaf size and Bari Zaitoon-1 showing the largest leaf area among the selected cultivars (Figure 3).

2.4. Leaf Length to Leaf Width Ratio

A significant difference in leaf length to leaf width ratio was found among the cultivars. Bari Zaitoon-2 led in leaf length-to-width ratio (4.058) followed by Bari Zaitoon-1 (3.772) with small lanceolate leaves that did not reach the value of 4. The lowest value of the current parameter was illustrated by Leccino following a similar trend as shown in the case of leaf area. A very small difference was indicated by all other cultivars in terms of leaf length to leaf width ratio (L/W) which is an important indicator of leaf shape (Figure 4).

2.5. Leaf Base and Tip Shapes

Olive trees have opposite leaves, typically from narrowly elliptic to linear-lanceolate in shape of a subdued green on the abaxial surface and whitish grey with a thick covering of small stellate hairs on the abaxial surface. The leaf base of most (four) of the olive cultivars i.e., Arbequina, Balkasar, Leccino, and FS-17, were cuneate with acute, rounded, apiculate, and cuspidate leaf tips, respectively (Table 1). Two out of the remaining four cultivars (Bari Zaitoon-2 and Ottobratica) showed acute leaf base shapes with acute and cuspidate leaf tips, respectively. The other two cultivars (Bari Zaitoon-1 and Koroneiki) had equilateral leaf bases with acute leaf tips (Figure 5).

2.6. Chlorophyll a, b, and Carotenoids of Olive Cultivars

Chlorophylls are the most common green pigments found in plants and play a key role in photosynthesis. The chlorophyll contents of olive leaves seemed to vary from variety to variety. The total chlorophyll contents were highest in FS-17 followed by Bari Zaitoon-1 and Bari Zaitoon-2, while the lowest value was found in Arbequina. Indeed, chlorophyll content was highest in the Bari Zaitoon-1 followed by FS-17 and Balkasar while the lowest rate was found in Arbequina compared to the other cultivars (Figure 6). The chlorophyll b content of FS-17 was the highest among the eight cultivars of olive under study followed by Bari Zaitoon-2. Moreover, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents in Arbequina were the lowest among all the cultivars. Balkasar the attained highest carotenoids contents followed by Leccino and the lowest content was in Arbequina again. Similarly, the highest value of total carotenoids pigments was found in Balkasar followed by FS-17 with very a minute difference. The lowest carotenoid content was in Arbequina with 0.416 mg/g.

2.7. Leaf Arrangement, Color, and Venation of Olive Branches

The phyllotaxy (leaf arrangement on branches) in olive comprised three types, i.e., alternate, opposite, and whorled. Sometimes the leaves were both opposite and whorled while most observable arrangement of leaves on olive stems was opposite and decussate. The combination of two or more types was also observed on the same branch. The whorl of four leaves was also present in rare cases. The silvery dark green leaves were oblong and lanceolate, measuring 5.74–4.04 cm long and 1.54–1.12 cm wide (Figure 7a). Leaves have an astringent bitter taste. The olive tree belongs to the dicot group of angiosperms, with a typical simple leaf with a complete margin and reticulate venation. Leaf venation was found to be both pinnate and reticulate (Figure 7b). To distinguish between olive cultivars, morphological and biological characteristics are frequently utilized for descriptive purposes [15,16,17,18,19]. Additionally, the categorization of several olive cultivars was made possible by agronomic characteristics [20,21]. Biometric indices should always be accompanied with a thorough morphological description of the organs (inflorescence, leaf, fruit, and stone) of olive varieties using the UPOV technique according to [22,23]. Numerous researchers have noted that distinct cultivars exhibit. Morphological variation depends on the geographic areas and various plant growth management techniques [24,25]. Prior to this study, it was possible to identify between closely related Russian olive types using morphological characteristics such as leaf speckles, the color of the adaxial leaf surface, the shape of the leaf blade, the leaf apex, the leaf border, and the leaf base [26,27]. The leaf, fruit, and endocarp features of the olive genotypes were also assessed along with other morphological traits [28]. Twenty-three characteristics of leaves, inflorescences, fruits, and seeds were used to perform morphologic characterization of 64 olive trees [29]. Numerous species have successfully used morphological cladistic studies to reveal evolutionary connections. Using 38 vegetative and reproductive morphological characteristics, the authors of [30] reconstructed the evolutionary relationships among certain bifurcate hairy sections of Astragalus L. A total of 38 morphological parameters were employed in [31] to separate 10 Iranian olive cultivars, and they discovered that the qualitative characteristics of the fruits and core were more effective in doing so than the quantitative characteristics. Morphological cladistic analysis of eight popular olive (O. europaea L.) cultivars was performed in [32]. Arbosana, FS 17, Arbequina, and ‘Don Carlo’ have also been assessed [33]. The olive tree genome was described for utilization in breeding programs [7].

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Study Site

All selected parameters were investigated at the experimental area of the Department of Botany, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. The study site was located at 29°24′0″ North, 71°41′0″ East [34], 401–421 feet above sea level [35].

3.2. Climatic Conditions of the Study Area

The study area is one of the hottest and the driest zones in Pakistan with a mean annual temperature of 27.16 °C whereas the average monthly temperature in summer reaches 35.42 °C and the average monthly temperature in winter is 18 °C. The hottest months are May and June with an average maximum temperature of 48.5 °C, sometimes exceeding 50 °C, with average nighttime temperatures of 27 °C. Similarly, the coldest months are December and January, where temperature falls to 7 °C with occasional ground frost and minimum nighttime temperatures as low as 3 °C. The mean annual rainfall varies between 150 and 200 mm with 2–3-years-long drought interruptions; nevertheless, an overall favorable environmental condition is expected for the growth of vegetation, characteristic of the arid zone. The wettest months are July and August with an average maximum precipitation of 55 mm and the driest months are November and December which receive an average minimum precipitation of 1.5 mm. The wind direction is south-west in summer and north-east in winter. The monthly average wind speed ranges between 7 Km/h in October–December and 13 Km/h in June–July with a minimum speed of 3 Km/h in October–December to maximum speed of 21 Km/h in June [36]. The maximum monthly average humidity was noted to be 38 percent during December and the lowest humidity of 16 percent is in May with most rainy days (8.5) in July and fewest rainy days (0.4) in November. The longest days were found in June (avg. 14 h, 0 min) and shortest in December (avg. 14 h, 18 min) with the most average sunshine (12 h, 06 min) in May and least (7 h, 30 min) in January. The month with the most sunshine days was December (30.7 days) and the fewest sunshine days (20.1 days) was July. The highest UV index was experienced from April–July (UVI 9) and the lowest was in December and January (UVI 5) with most cloud cover (19%) in August and least cloud cover (3%) in October and 10 km visibility throughout the year. The average atmospheric pressure in Bahawalpur ranges from 1018 mbar in January to 996.2 mbar in July. The annual global horizontal irradiation (GHI) strikes with an average intensity of 1923.1 kWh/m2 and direct normal irradiation (DNI) of 1504.5 kWh/m2 per year. The monthly direct normal irradiation ranges from 160.518 kWh/m2 in October to 92.101 kWh/m2 in July and the daily mean ranges from 2.971 kWh/m2 in July to 5.178 kWh/m2 in October [37].
There are five distinct seasons prevailing in the study area with varied durations as reported by [38]: winter (December to February), spring (March and April), summer (May to October), autumn (November), and monsoon (July and August). The soil of the study area is of the transported type, originating from two main types of parent material: clayey alluvium and aeolian sands. It varies in texture from sandy to sandy loam to loamy sand. The soils are calcareous and saline-sodic, with low amounts of organic matter and high values of pH along with electrical conductivity. The data on temperature and precipitation trends along with their anomalies for a long period of 43 years (1979–2021) over larger a region of Bahawalpur (29°24′0″ North, 71°41′0″ East), show increasing mean annual temperatures with a linear climate change trend (−0.1 °C anomaly) and declining mean annual precipitation with decreasing trend of 4.8 mm over 43 years. In view the global warming due to industrial shift as well as climate change, the Bahawalpur regions falls under the vast area of Cholistan and may be a potential crop area for olive cultivation under the prevailing environmental conditions with adequate water supply [39].

3.3. Plant Material

Taxonomically authenticated (Dr. Azhar Hussain Naqvi BARI, Chakwal), one-year-old, self-rooted plants of eight (five exotic and three domestic) cultivars of different geographical origins of O. europaea L. were collected from a standardized nursery farm at Center of Excellence for Olive Research and Technology (CEFORT), Barani Agriculture Research Institute (BARI), Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan (Table 2). The germplasm was kept at the experimental area for comparative morphological investigations. Voucher specimens were deposited at the herbarium of the Department of Botany as reference materials.

3.4. Selected Morphological Parameters

Plant height, number of leaves/15 cm shoot, leaf size characteristics (leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, and length/width ratio), leaf shape characteristics (margin, leaf axil, base, and apex angles), leaf pigments (Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll contents, and carotenoids) phyllotaxy, and leaf color and venation were recorded and tabulated in Microsoft Excel (2016).

3.5. Plant Height (cm) and Number of Leaves

The main shoot of all cultivars with four replications (8 × 4) was measured for average plant height using a standard “cm scale” rulerand the number of leaves on the main shoot for each cultivar were recorded. The obtained data were tabulated in MS Excel 2016 for further analyses and graphical representations.

3.6. Leaf Length (cm), Width (cm), and Leaf Area (cm2)

Ten fully expanded leaves of the same age from each olive cultivar were randomly collected. Leaf length was measured from extreme points, while width was measured from three different positions to obtain the average value for an individual leaf. The maximum leaf length and width were measured using a standard “cm scale” ruler. The leaf area from ten randomly selected leaves for each cultivar was estimated using a leaf area meter (AM-300) manufactured by ADC® Bioscientific Limited (Hoddesdon, UK), Opti-Sciences, Inc. (Hudson, NH, USA) [40]. The average values for the leaf area were expressed in square centimeters.

3.7. Leaf Angles (°)

Ten leaves were randomly selected for each cultivar to calculate the average values for the leaf angles. The leaf angles, i.e., axil, tip, and base, were measured using “ImageJ” software released by the U.S. National Institutes of Health [41].

3.8. Spectrophotometric Determination of Chlorophylls a, b and Carotenoids

Fresh leaves of each cultivar (0.5 g) were chopped into segments of 0.5 cm and extracted with 5 mL acetone (80%) at 10 °C overnight. The material was centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 5 min and the absorbance of the supernatant was measured at 645, 652, 663, and 480 nm using a spectrophotometer. Chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll along with carotenoids was measured as described by [42,43].

3.9. Statistical Analysis

To summarize the primary data, MS Excel 2016 was used. Two-way full factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using Statistix8.1 [44] and multiple comparison of means was performed using least significant difference (LSD) tests at p < 0.05. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using the software Minitab-19 to generate score plots for observations and loading plots for variables.

4. Conclusions

The morphological parameters showed some visual variations among the studied olive cultivars. The lanceolate leaves with dark green upper and silver-green lower surface, and dense coat of shiny peltate hairs with leaf area ranges from 5.66 cm2 in Bari Zaitoon-1 to 3.08 cm2 in Koroneiki. The phyllotaxy in olive cultivars comprised three types (i.e., alternate, opposite, and whorled) in all genotypes with both pinnate and reticulate leaf venation. The leaf base of most (four) of the olive cultivars, i.e., Arbequina, Balkasar, Leccino, and FS-17, were cuneate with acute, rounded, apiculate, and cuspidate leaf tips, respectively. Bari-Zaitoon-1 was leading among all the cultivars by having the highest values in three parameters, i.e., the leaf length, leaf area, and Chlorophyll a content, as well as occupying the second rank in four parameters including plant height, leaf width, leaf length to width ratio, and total Chlorophyll content. The second-best rank was occupied by Bari Zaitoon-2 due to it having the highest values in plant height and leaf length to width ratio, as well as the second position in four characteristics including number of leaves, leaf length, leaf area, and Chlorophyll b. The Leccino and FS-17 showed medium vigor with two top characteristics each, the broadest and highest number of leaves on the main shoot as well as total pigment contents and Chlorophyll b, respectively. The highest value of total carotenoids was found in Balkasar. The lowest rank was gained by Koroneiki, due to low values in four parameters, namely plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and leaf area, followed by Arbequina with three parameters having the bottom rank, including Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b. and Carotenoids. All olive cultivars showed significant variation among the morphological parameters due to their varied genetic diversity and origin.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, T.A., F.U. and G.S.; methodology, T.A., G.S. and F.U.; software, M.S.C. and A.K.; validation, A.E.-Z.M.A.M., A.K. and A.A.A.-G.; formal analysis, M.J. and T.A.; investigation, A.E.-Z.M.A.M.; resources, A.K.; data curation, A.K. and W.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, G.S.; writing—review and editing, T.A.; visualization, M.S.C.; supervision, M.S.C. and W.Z.; project administration, M.J. and M A.K.; funding acquisition, T.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

Researchers Supporting Project (RSP, number 2023R483), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Data Availability Statement

No data availability statements are available.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R483), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Horticulturae 09 00696 g001 550
Figure 1. Average plant height of various olive Cultivars (Different superscripts indicate significant differences by the ANOVA, followed by the Duncan test at p ≤ 0.05).
Figure 1. Average plant height of various olive Cultivars (Different superscripts indicate significant differences by the ANOVA, followed by the Duncan test at p ≤ 0.05).
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Figure 2. Number of leaves on main shoot of various olive cultivars (Different superscripts indicate significant differences by the ANOVA, followed by the Duncan test at p ≤ 0.05).
Figure 2. Number of leaves on main shoot of various olive cultivars (Different superscripts indicate significant differences by the ANOVA, followed by the Duncan test at p ≤ 0.05).
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Figure 3. Leaf length, width, and area of various olive cultivars.
Figure 3. Leaf length, width, and area of various olive cultivars.
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Figure 4. Leaf length to leaf width ratio of various olive cultivars (Different superscripts indicate significant differences by the ANOVA, followed by the Duncan test at p ≤ 0.05).
Figure 4. Leaf length to leaf width ratio of various olive cultivars (Different superscripts indicate significant differences by the ANOVA, followed by the Duncan test at p ≤ 0.05).
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Figure 5. Leaf shape of various olive cultivars based on leaf angles.
Figure 5. Leaf shape of various olive cultivars based on leaf angles.
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Figure 6. Different chloroplast pigments of various olive cultivars (Different superscripts indicate significant differences by the ANOVA, followed by the Duncan test at p ≤ 0.05).
Figure 6. Different chloroplast pigments of various olive cultivars (Different superscripts indicate significant differences by the ANOVA, followed by the Duncan test at p ≤ 0.05).
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Figure 7. (a) Phyllotaxy and (b) leaf vernation and leaf color among various cultivars.
Figure 7. (a) Phyllotaxy and (b) leaf vernation and leaf color among various cultivars.
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Table
Table 1. Leaf shape characteristics (leaf base, apex, and margin) of various olive cultivars.
Table 1. Leaf shape characteristics (leaf base, apex, and margin) of various olive cultivars.
Sr. NoOlive CultivarLeaf BaseLeaf ApexLeaf Margin
1Bari Zaitoon-1EquilateralApiculateEntire
2Bari Zaitoon-2AcuteAcuteEntire
3FS-17CuneateCuspidateEntire
4KoroneikiEquilateralApiculateEntire
5BalkasarCuneateRoundedEntire
6OttobraticaAcuteCuspidateEntire
7LeccinoCuneateApiculateEntire
8ArbequinaCuneateAcuteEntire
Table
Table 2. Selected olive cultivars, indicating their origin and commercial interest.
Table 2. Selected olive cultivars, indicating their origin and commercial interest.
Sr. NoCultivarOriginPurpose
1Bari Zaitoon-1 (Coratina selection)PakistanDual (Table & Oil)
2Bari Zaitoon-2 (Frantoio selection)PakistanDual
3Favolosa (FS-17)ItalyDual
4KoroneikiGreeceOil
5BalkasarPakistanDual
6OttobraticaItalyOil
7LeccinoItalyOil
8ArbequinaSpainOil
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Sarwar, G.; Anwar, T.; Chaudhary, M.S.; Jamil, M.; Kamal, A.; Mustafa, A.E.-Z.M.A.; Al-Ghamdi, A.A.; Ullah, F.; Zaman, W. Study of Comparative Morphology of Eight Cultivated Genotypes of Olea europaea L. Horticulturae 2023, 9, 696. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9060696

AMA Style

Sarwar G, Anwar T, Chaudhary MS, Jamil M, Kamal A, Mustafa AE-ZMA, Al-Ghamdi AA, Ullah F, Zaman W. Study of Comparative Morphology of Eight Cultivated Genotypes of Olea europaea L. Horticulturae. 2023; 9(6):696. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9060696

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sarwar, Ghulam, Tauseef Anwar, Muhammad Shafique Chaudhary, Moazzam Jamil, Asif Kamal, Abd El-Zaher M. A. Mustafa, Abdullah Ahmed Al-Ghamdi, Fazal Ullah, and Wajid Zaman. 2023. "Study of Comparative Morphology of Eight Cultivated Genotypes of Olea europaea L" Horticulturae 9, no. 6: 696. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9060696

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