Evaluation of the Nutritional, Phytochemical, and Antioxidant Potential of Rourea minor Fruits: An Underutilized Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Chemicals and Reagents
2.3. Extraction of Phytochemicals from Pulp and Seeds
2.4. Proximate Analysis
2.5. Elemental Analysis
2.6. Determination of Anti-Nutritional Factors
2.6.1. Phytate
2.6.2. Oxalate
2.7. Phytochemical Analysis
2.7.1. Total Phenolic Content
2.7.2. Total Flavonoid Content
2.7.3. Total Alkaloid Content
2.8. Antioxidant Activities
2.8.1. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Radical Scavenging Activity
2.8.2. Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA)
2.8.3. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Activity
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Proximate Composition
3.2. Elemental Composition
3.3. Anti-Nutritional Components
3.4. Phytochemical Composition
3.5. Antioxidant Activities
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fruit Parts | Seed | Ripe | Pulp | Ripe |
---|---|---|---|---|
Unripe | Unripe | |||
Moisture (g/100 g FW) | 82.66 ± 0.50 b | 52.55 ± 0.55 c | 94.03 ± 0.82 a | 93.86 ± 0.75 a |
Fat (g/100 g FW) | 0.20 ± 0.02 b | 0.28 ± 0.08 a | 0.20 ± 0.03 b | 0.19 ± 0.04 b |
Protein (g/100 g FW) | 4.30 ± 0.06 b | 12.39 ± 0.53 a | 0.31 ± 0.01 c | 0.34 ± 0.01 c |
Carbohydrate (g/100 g FW) | 6.17 ± 0.08 b | 25.70 ± 1.47 a | 0.63 ± 0.02 c | 0.90 ± 0.03 c |
Ash (g/100 g FW) | 0.31 ± 0.06 b | 1.4 ± 0.23 a | 0.28 ± 0.04 b | 0.35 ± 0.07 b |
Fiber (g/100 g FW) | 0.82 ± 0.09 b | 3.4 ± 0.30 a | 0.30 ± 0.01 c | 0.98 ± 0.12 b |
Energy (Kcal/100 g) | 41.7 | 149.93 | 4.98 | 5.97 |
Fruit Parts | Seed | Ripe | Pulp | Ripe | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unripe | Unripe | ||||
Major elements (mg/g DW of sample) | P | 0.98 ± 0.09 ab | 1.04 ± 0.09 a | 0.91 ± 0.07 b | 0.92 ± 0.11 b |
N | 5.53 ± 0.12 b | 6.25 ± 0.30 a | 4.43 ± 0.20 d | 4.98 ± 0.30 c | |
K | 4.80 ± 0.13 c | 5.30 ± 0.22 c | 10.30 ± 0.28 b | 12.20 ± 0.40 a | |
Na | 0.27 ± 0.05 c | 1.05 ± 0.08 a | 0.58 ± 0.06 b | 0.96 ± 0.05 a | |
S | 2.10 ± 0.15 c | 4.56 ± 0.18 b | 1.08 ± 0.08 d | 5.80 ± 0.20 a | |
Mg | 3.60 ± 0.12 c | 5.80 ± 0.14 b | 6.00 ± 0.24 b | 7.20 ± 0.22 a | |
Ca | 4.02 ± 0.10 c | 5.20 ± 0.23 b | 5.04 ± 0.21 b | 6.80 ± 0.12 a | |
Minor elements (µg/g DW of sample) | B | 22.98 ± 2.30 b | 33.65 ± 1.86 a | 32.50 ± 2.25 a | 25.98 ± 1.50 b |
Fe | 780.50 ± 15.10 b | 798.34 ± 14.40 b | 2627.28 ± 22.20 a | 2523.56 ± 21.20 a | |
Zn | 535.12 ± 12.5 a | 542.26 ± 13.3 a | 492.23 ± 11.6 b | 499.12 ± 9.20 b | |
Cu | 17.30 ± 0.80 d | 42.56 ± 1.34 a | 22.90 ± 0.90 c | 33.62 ± 2.32 b | |
Mn | 118.40 ± 5.60 a | 98.70 ± 4.12 b | 38.30 ± 3.32 c | 40.30 ± 1.23 c |
Fruit Parts | Phytate (mg/g FW of Sample) | Oxalate (mg/g FW of Sample) | |
---|---|---|---|
Seed | Unripe | 3.00 ± 0.09 b | 6.19 ± 0.12 c |
Ripe | 6.91 ± 0.58 a | 31.88 ± 1.50 a | |
Pulp | Unripe | 0.37 ± 0.01 c | 11.11 ± 0.43 b |
Ripe | 0.59 ± 0.03 c | 6.50 ± 0.20 c |
Fruit Parts | Solvent | Total Phenolics (mg GAE/g DW of the Sample) | Flavonoids (mg QE/g DW of the Sample) | Alkaloids (mg AE/g DW of the Sample) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seed | Unripe | Acetone | 82.79 ± 6.44 d | 27.43 ± 1.23 c | 0.68 ± 0.12 def |
Methanol | 56.40 ± 3.41 e | 24.56 ± 0.20 d | 1.09 ± 0.01 bc | ||
Water | 3.16 ± 0.02 g | 1.84 ± 0.01 e | 0.07 ± 0.01 h | ||
70% Methanol | 180.47 ± 7.53 a | 68.95 ± 3.30 a | 0.35 ± 0.03 g | ||
Ripe | Acetone | 14.40 ± 0.66 f | 2.99 ± 0.05 e | 0.61 ± 0.04 ef | |
Methanol | 100.82 ± 1.24 c | 12.80 ± 0.48 e | 0.32 ± 0.01 g | ||
Water | 2.78 ± 0.23 g | 1.55 ± 0.03 e | 0.01 ± 0.00 h | ||
70% Methanol | 119.45 ± 4.29 b | 44.10 ± 1.50 b | 0.88 ± 0.01 cd | ||
Pulp | Unripe | Acetone | 2.64 ± 0.24 g | 0.92 ± 0.1 e | 0.88 ± 0.08 cd |
Methanol | 6.04 ± 0.21f g | 2.42 ± 0.17 e | 0.64 ± 0.06 def | ||
Water | 1.58 ± 0.03 g | 0.54 ± 0.02 e | 0.54 ± 0.06 fg | ||
70% Methanol | 8.21 ± 0.20f g | 2.97 ± 0.04 e | 1.20 ± 0.11 b | ||
Ripe | Acetone | 2.44 ± 0.02 g | 1.37 ± 0.15 e | 1.61 ± 0.10 a | |
Methanol | 2.97 ± 0.16 g | 1.27 ± 0.02 e | 0.77 ± 0.01 def | ||
Water | 2.33 ± 0.16 g | 3.25 ± 0.08 e | 0.82 ± 0.10 de | ||
70% Methanol | 5.67 ± 0.18f g | 1.61 ± 0.01 e | 0.67 ± 0.01 def |
Fruit Parts | Solvent | DPPH (mg GAE/g DW of the Sample) | TAA (mg AAE/g DW of Sample) | FRAP (mg AAE/g DW of the Sample) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seed | Unripe | Acetone | 46.77 ± 2.57 c | 58.30 ± 1.08 de | 104.21 ± 2.12 c |
Methanol | 43.67 ± 3.41 c | 69.59 ± 3.92 d | 73.05 ± 7.88 d | ||
Water | 1.33 ± 0.16 d | 4.45 ± 0.15 i | 11.81 ± 0.61 f | ||
70% Methanol | 210.47 ± 8.28 a | 237.98 ± 17.77 a | 1783.87 ± 45.15 a | ||
Ripe | Acetone | 13.68 ± 1.69 d | 9.72 ± 0.62 i | 2.63 ± 0.25 f | |
Methanol | 12.99 ± 3.85 d | 50.89 ± 5.20 ef | 34.84 ± 1.06 e | ||
Water | 3.07 ± 0.37 d | 6.58 ± 0.51 i | 0.55 ± 0.04 f | ||
70% Methanol | 174.01 ± 23.69 b | 177.21 ± 15.03 b | 363.51 ± 8.25 b | ||
Pulp | Unripe | Acetone | 5.62 ± 0.40 d | 102.97 ± 3.91 c | 8.80 ± 0.55 f |
Methanol | 1.00 ± 0.04 d | 7.59 ± 0.59 i | 2.67 ± 0.25 f | ||
Water | 0.59 ± 0.03 d | 6.10 ± 0.49 i | 1.11 ± 0.03 f | ||
70% Methanol | 3.46 ± 0.34 d | 32.81 ± 1.62 gh | 6.24 ± 0.35 f | ||
Ripe | Acetone | 1.14 ± 0.12 d | 22.04 ± 0.96 hi | 3.17 ± 0.33 f | |
Methanol | 1.37 ± 0.13 d | 36.80 ± 4.30 fgh | 3.03 ± 0.29 f | ||
Water | 0.96 ± 0.08 d | 15.62 ± 0.66 i | 6.15 ± 0.10 f | ||
70% Methanol | 2.15 ± 0.10 d | 39.60 ± 0.92 fg | 4.13 ± 0.29 f |
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Murthy, H.N.; Yadav, G.G.; Kadapatti, S.S.; Pote, A.H.; Jagali, R.; Yarashi, V.; Dewir, Y.H. Evaluation of the Nutritional, Phytochemical, and Antioxidant Potential of Rourea minor Fruits: An Underutilized Species. Horticulturae 2023, 9, 606. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9050606
Murthy HN, Yadav GG, Kadapatti SS, Pote AH, Jagali R, Yarashi V, Dewir YH. Evaluation of the Nutritional, Phytochemical, and Antioxidant Potential of Rourea minor Fruits: An Underutilized Species. Horticulturae. 2023; 9(5):606. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9050606
Chicago/Turabian StyleMurthy, Hosakatte Niranjana, Guggalada Govardhana Yadav, Sathish Shekhappa Kadapatti, Akarsha H. Pote, Ramalinga Jagali, Vidya Yarashi, and Yaser Hassan Dewir. 2023. "Evaluation of the Nutritional, Phytochemical, and Antioxidant Potential of Rourea minor Fruits: An Underutilized Species" Horticulturae 9, no. 5: 606. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9050606