Sustainable Viticulture of Italian Grapevines: Environmental Evaluation and Societal Cost Estimation Using EU Farm Accountancy Data Network Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Context and Importance
1.2. Review of the Farm Sustainability Assessment Based on FADN Data
1.3. Purpose, Justification, and Significance
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Environmental Sustainability Evaluation: LCA Methodology
2.2. Societal Costs Estimation: Shadow Price Methodology
3. Results
3.1. Inputs Used and Outputs among Vineyards
3.2. Environmental Sustainability Impacts: LCA Results
3.3. External Costs Estimation: Shadow Price Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Unit | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
Irrigation | m3/ha | Yearly average volume of water distributed | |
Fertilizers (Inorganic and Organic) | kg/ha | Yearly average quantity of fertilizers, applied as ì | |
Conventional: inorganic fertilizer as N, P2O5, K2O, manure, and compost. | Organic: organic, organo-mineral, manure, and compost | ||
Phytosanitary products * | kg/ha | Yearly average quantity of pesticides sprayed as Insecticides (as 100% emissions in the soil) Fungicides (as 100% emissions in the soil) Herbicides (as 100% emissions in the soil) Other pesticides (as 100% emissions in the soil) | |
Energy and fuel | kwh/ha | Yearly average volume of energy and fuel consumed (i.e., diesel and other fuels for tractors and other machinery) |
Midpoint Indicator | Unit | Endpoint Indicator |
---|---|---|
Agricultural land occupation—ALOP | m2 | Ecosystem quality |
Climate change—GWP100 | kg CO2-Eq | |
Freshwater ecotoxicity—FETPinf | kg 1,4-DCB-Eq | |
Freshwater eutrophication—FEP | kg P-Eq | |
Marine ecotoxicity—METPinf | kg 1,4-DCB-Eq | |
Natural land transformation—NLTP | m2 | |
Terrestrial acidification—TAP100 | kg SO2-Eq | |
Terrestrial ecotoxicity—TETPinf | kg 1,4-DCB-Eq | |
Urban land occupation—ULOP | m2 | |
Human toxicity—HTPinf | kg 1,4-DCB-Eq | |
Ionizing radiation—IRP_HE | kg U235-Eq | |
Ozone depletion—ODPinf | kg CFC-11-Eq | |
Particulate matter formation—PMFP | kg PM10-Eq | |
Photochemical oxidant formation—POFP | kg NMVOC | |
Fossil depletion—FDP | kg oil-Eq | Resources |
Metal depletion—MDP | kg Fe-Eq |
Impact Category | Shadow Price |
---|---|
Agricultural land occupation—ALOP | EUR 0.48 per m2 |
Climate change—GWP100 | EUR 0.402 per kg CO2-Eq |
Terrestrial acidification—TAP100 | EUR 0.237 per kg SO2-Eq |
Freshwater eutrophication—FEP | EUR 0.60 per kg oil-Eq |
Variable | Unit | Vineyard Cultivation System | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
VCWNO | VCWO | VQWNO | VQWO | ||
Irrigation | m3/ha | 1016 | 974 | 631 | 609 |
Fertilizers: | kg/ha | ||||
Inorganic as N, P2O5, K2O | 760 | - | 483 | - | |
Organic | - | 626 | - | 388 | |
Organo-mineral | - | 108 | - | 138 | |
Compost | 17 | 88 | 22 | 105 | |
Swine manure | 29 | 630 | 54 | 133 | |
Cattle manure | 72 | 413 | 544 | 711 | |
Poultry manure | 0.01 | 0.42 | 3 | 20 | |
Phytosanitary products: | kg/ha | ||||
Pesticides | 14.48 | 17.02 | 27.23 | 33.69 | |
Insecticides (50% emissions in the soil) | 0.60 | 1.07 | 5.10 | 5.40 | |
Fungicides (50% emissions in the soil) | 5.75 | 6.94 | 7.59 | 10.92 | |
Herbicides (50% emissions in the soil) | 0.49 | 0.17 | 0.50 | 0.20 | |
Other pesticides (50% emissions in the soil) | 0.39 | 0.32 | 0.43 | 0.33 | |
Energy and fuel | Kwh/ha | 858 | 873 | 742 | 1019 |
Yield | Tons/ha | 12.47 | 10.20 | 10.64 | 9.27 |
Farmers | Number | 6024 | 1373 | 7259 | 1696 |
% | 40.63 | 9.26 | 48.96 | 1.13 |
Receipe Midpoint Indicator | Unit | Vineyard Cultivation System | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
VCWNO | VCWO | VQWNO | VQWO | ||
Agricultural land occupation—ALOP | m2 per year | 10,198.40 | 10,117.30 | 10,157.50 | 10,144.30 |
Climate change—GWP100 | kg CO2-Eq | 3383.41 | 1282.81 | 2464.45 | 1630.70 |
Fossil depletion—FDP | kg oil-Eq | 1342.10 | 422.11 | 963.86 | 540.42 |
Freshwater ecotoxicity—FETPinf | kg 1,4-DCB-Eq | 151.45 | 52.64 | 107.53 | 62.48 |
Freshwater eutrophication—FEP | kg P-Eq | 0.92 | 0.34 | 0.71 | 0.47 |
Human toxicity—HTPinf | kg 1,4-DCB-Eq | 926.12 | 382.37 | 715.88 | 516.21 |
Ionising radiation—IRP_HE | kg U235-Eq | 306.88 | 92.93 | 230.11 | 122.01 |
Marine ecotoxicity—METPinf | kg 1,4-DCB-Eq | 124.09 | 45.27 | 88.02 | 53.07 |
Marine eutrophication—MEP | kg N-Eq | 5.46 | 2.85 | 4.33 | 3.54 |
Metal depletion—MDP | kg Fe-Eq | 335.69 | 123.75 | 248.86 | 158.89 |
Natural land transformation—NLTP | m2 | 0.95 | 0.30 | 0.67 | 0.36 |
Ozone depletion—ODPinf | kg CFC-11-Eq | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Particulate matter formation—PMFP | kg PM10-Eq | 7.57 | 3.48 | 5.80 | 4.32 |
Photochemical oxidant formation—POFP | kg NMVOC | 12.88 | 7.85 | 10.36 | 9.39 |
Terrestrial acidification—TAP100 | kg SO2-Eq | 20.27 | 7.37 | 15.29 | 9.73 |
Terrestrial ecotoxicity—TETPinf | kg 1,4-DCB-Eq | 0.83 | 0.22 | 0.61 | 0.31 |
Urban land occupation—ULOP | m2 per year | 138.97 | 33.68 | 95.74 | 40.86 |
Water depletion—WDP | m3 | 1030.18 | 978.54 | 640.54 | 613.55 |
Receipe Midpoint Indicator | Unit | Vineyard Cultivation System | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
VCWNO | VCWO | VQWNO | VQWO | ||
Agricultural land occupation—ALOP | m2 per year | 81,795 | 99,200 | 95,423 | 109,480 |
Climate change—GWP100 | kg CO2-Eq | 27,136 | 12,578 | 23,152 | 17,599 |
Fossil depletion—FDP | kg oil-Eq | 10,764 | 4139 | 9055 | 5832 |
Freshwater ecotoxicity—FETPinf | kg 1,4-DCB-Eq | 1215 | 0.516 | 1010 | 0.674 |
Freshwater eutrophication—FEP | kg P-Eq | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.007 | 0.005 |
Human toxicity—HTPinf | kg 1,4-DCB-Eq | 7428 | 3749 | 6725 | 5571 |
Ionising radiation—IRP_HE | kg U235-Eq | 2461 | 0.911 | 2162 | 1317 |
Marine ecotoxicity—METPinf | kg 1,4-DCB-Eq | 0.995 | 0.444 | 0.827 | 0.573 |
Marine eutrophication—MEP | kg N-Eq | 0.044 | 0.028 | 0.041 | 0,038 |
Metal depletion—MDP | kg Fe-Eq | 2692 | 1213 | 2338 | 1715 |
Natural land transformation—NLTP | m2 | 0.008 | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.004 |
Ozone depletion—ODPinf | kg CFC-11-Eq | 0.000005 | 0.000004 | 0.000007 | 0.000008 |
Particulate matter formation—PMFP | kg PM10-Eq | 0.061 | 0.034 | 0.055 | 0.047 |
Photochemical oxidant formation—POFP | kg NMVOC | 0.103 | 0.077 | 0.097 | 0.101 |
Terrestrial acidification—TAP100 | kg SO2-Eq | 0.163 | 0.072 | 0.144 | 0.105 |
Terrestrial ecotoxicity—TETPinf | kg 1,4-DCB-Eq | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.003 |
Urban land occupation—ULOP | m2 per year | 1115 | 0.330 | 0.899 | 0.441 |
Water depletion—WDP | m3 | 8262 | 9595 | 6017 | 6622 |
Receipe Midpoint Indicator | Unit | Vineyard Cultivation System | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
VCWNO | VCWO | VQWNO | VQWO | ||
Ecosystem quality—agricultural land occupation | points | 366.66 | 363.96 | 365.26 | 364.93 |
Ecosystem quality—climate change | points | 59.27 | 22.48 | 43.18 | 28.57 |
Ecosystem quality—freshwater ecotoxicity | points | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
Ecosystem quality—freshwater eutrophication | points | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.05 |
Ecosystem quality—marine ecotoxicity | points | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Ecosystem quality—natural land transformation | points | 3.03 | 1.13 | 2.15 | 1.36 |
Ecosystem quality—terrestrial acidification | points | 0.26 | 0.09 | 0.20 | 0.12 |
Ecosystem quality—terrestrial ecotoxicity | points | 0.27 | 0.07 | 0.20 | 0.10 |
Ecosystem quality—urban land occupation | points | 6.36 | 1.54 | 4.38 | 1.87 |
Human health—climate chnage, human health | points | 93.78 | 35.56 | 68.31 | 45.21 |
Human health—human toxicity | 12.67 | 5.23 | 9.80 | 7.07 | |
Human health—ionising radiation | points | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.04 |
Human health—ozone depletion | points | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Human health—particulate matter formation—PMFP | points | 39.80 | 18.31 | 30.64 | 22.89 |
Human health—photochemical oxidant formation | points | 1.91 | 0.87 | 1.80 | 1.47 |
Resources—fossil depletion | points | 160.94 | 50.62 | 115.58 | 64.80 |
Resources—metal depletion | points | 36.55 | 18.06 | 27.91 | 21.65 |
Receipe Midpoint Indicator | Unit | Vineyard Cultivation System | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
VCWNO | VCWO | VQWNO | VQWO | ||
Agricultural land occupation—ALOP | EUR per m2 | 4895.23 | 4856.30 | 4875.60 | 4869.26 |
Climate change—GWP100 | EUR per kg CO2-Eq | 1360.13 | 515.69 | 990.71 | 655.54 |
Terrestrial acidification—TAP100 | EUR per kg SO2-Eq | 4.80 | 1.75 | 3.62 | 2.31 |
Freshwater eutrophication—FEP | EUR per kg P-Eq | 0.55 | 0.20 | 0.43 | 0.28 |
Total | Per 1 ha | 6260.72 | 5373.94 | 5870.36 | 5527.39 |
Parameter | Unit | Vineyard Cultivation System | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
VCWNO | VCWO | VQWNO | VQWO | ||
Yield | Tons/ha | 12.47 | 10.20 | 10.64 | 9.27 |
Total gross production | EUR/ha | 5389 | 4846 | 8432 | 7055 |
Variable costs | EUR/ha | 1286 | 1106 | 1606 | 1615 |
Labor costs | EUR/ha | 3142 | 3074 | 3591 | 3350 |
Machine labor costs | EUR/ha | 2320 | 2462 | 2426 | 2261 |
Operative margin | EUR/ha | −1359 | −1797 | 6827 | 5440 |
Gross margin | EUR/ha | 4104 | 3704 | 809 | −172 |
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Frem, M.; Petrontino, A.; Fucilli, V.; Sansiviero, C.; Bozzo, F. Sustainable Viticulture of Italian Grapevines: Environmental Evaluation and Societal Cost Estimation Using EU Farm Accountancy Data Network Data. Horticulturae 2023, 9, 1239. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9111239
Frem M, Petrontino A, Fucilli V, Sansiviero C, Bozzo F. Sustainable Viticulture of Italian Grapevines: Environmental Evaluation and Societal Cost Estimation Using EU Farm Accountancy Data Network Data. Horticulturae. 2023; 9(11):1239. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9111239
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrem, Michel, Alessandro Petrontino, Vincenzo Fucilli, Carlo Sansiviero, and Francesco Bozzo. 2023. "Sustainable Viticulture of Italian Grapevines: Environmental Evaluation and Societal Cost Estimation Using EU Farm Accountancy Data Network Data" Horticulturae 9, no. 11: 1239. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9111239