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Article

Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Jackfruit Peel Carboxymethylcellulose/Graphene Oxide/Kaolin Composite Hydrogels

1
College of Food Science and Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
2
College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Gels 2025, 11(8), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11080626 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 15 July 2025 / Revised: 5 August 2025 / Accepted: 7 August 2025 / Published: 9 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Gels: Structure and Properties (2nd Edition))

Abstract

This study presents an environmentally benign composite hydrogel system by combining polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with carboxymethyl cellulose derived from jackfruit peel waste (JCMC), subsequently reinforced with graphene oxide (GO) and Kaolin nanoparticles for enhanced Congo red (CR) adsorption. The structural properties of the synthesized hydrogels were comprehensively characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR analysis confirmed hydrogel formation through hydrogen bonding interactions, while XRD and SEM revealed the uniform dispersion of GO and Kaolin within the polymer matrix, resulting in an improved adsorption performance. Furthermore, the adsorption efficiency of the composite hydrogels was systematically evaluated under varying conditions, including solution pH, contact time, temperature, and initial CR concentration. Optimal CR removal (92.3%) was achieved at pH 8.0, with equilibrium attained within 90 min. The adsorption kinetics were best fitted by the pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.9998), confirming a chemisorption-dominated process. The equilibrium adsorption data were accurately described by the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating monolayer coverage with an exceptional maximum capacity of 200.80 mg/g. These findings highlight the superior adsorption performance of the PVA/JCMC/GO/Kaolin hydrogels, attributed to their tailored physicochemical properties and synergistic interactions among components. This study offers both sustainable jackfruit peel waste valorization and an effective solution for anionic dye removal in wastewater treatment.
Keywords: carboxymethyl cellulose; composite hydrogels; Congo red adsorption; graphene oxide; jackfruit peel carboxymethyl cellulose; composite hydrogels; Congo red adsorption; graphene oxide; jackfruit peel

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Liu, S.; Ma, J.; Yang, F.; Ye, H.; Liang, Y.; Deng, Y.; Li, J.; Wang, R. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Jackfruit Peel Carboxymethylcellulose/Graphene Oxide/Kaolin Composite Hydrogels. Gels 2025, 11, 626. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11080626

AMA Style

Liu S, Ma J, Yang F, Ye H, Liang Y, Deng Y, Li J, Wang R. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Jackfruit Peel Carboxymethylcellulose/Graphene Oxide/Kaolin Composite Hydrogels. Gels. 2025; 11(8):626. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11080626

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Shumin, Jing Ma, Fuqi Yang, Hailin Ye, Yu Liang, Yijia Deng, Jianrong Li, and Rundong Wang. 2025. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Jackfruit Peel Carboxymethylcellulose/Graphene Oxide/Kaolin Composite Hydrogels" Gels 11, no. 8: 626. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11080626

APA Style

Liu, S., Ma, J., Yang, F., Ye, H., Liang, Y., Deng, Y., Li, J., & Wang, R. (2025). Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Jackfruit Peel Carboxymethylcellulose/Graphene Oxide/Kaolin Composite Hydrogels. Gels, 11(8), 626. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11080626

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