Impacts of Sodium Arsenite on Wood Microbiota of Esca-Diseased Grapevines
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Sampling
2.2. DNA Extraction and Analysis of Fungal and Bacterial Communities
2.3. Post-Run Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. In Vitro Fungal Growth Inhibition Assays
3. Results
3.1. Sampling Grapevine Trunk Woody Tissues
3.2. Metabarcoding Analysis of Microbial Taxa from Esca-Diseased Grapevines
3.3. Metabarcoding Analysis of Fungal Taxa from Untreated Esca-Diseased Grapevines
3.4. Metabarcoding Analysis of Bacterial Taxa from Untreated Esca-Diseased Grapevines
3.5. Effects of Sodium Arsenite on Fungal Microbiota of Grapevine Woody Tissues
3.6. Sensitivity to Sodium Arsenite of Fungi Isolated from Grapevine Woody Tissues
4. Discussion
4.1. Fungal Microbiota Colonizing Woody Tissues from Esca-Diseased Grapevines
4.2. Bacterial Microbiota Colonizing Woody Tissues from Esca-Diseased Grapevines
4.3. Sodium Arsenite’s Impacts on Fungal Microbiota Colonizing Esca-Diseased Grapevine Woody Tissues
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alsace | Champagne | Languedoc | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treated | Untreated | Treated | Untreated | Treated | Untreated | |
Non-necrotic (NN) | 100% * | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
Border (NN-WR) | 100% * | 100% | 100% | 80% | 75% | 80% |
White-rot necrosis (WR) | 100% * | 100% | 80% | 80% | 50% ** | 60% ** |
Sectorial necrosis (SN) | 0% * | 100% | 0% | 0% | 100% | 100% |
Esca-foliar symptoms | 0% *** | 100% | 0% | 100% | 0% | 100% |
Shannon (2014) | Alsace White-Rot | Champagne White-Rot | Languedoc Sectorial Necrosis | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Treated | Fungi | 1.53 | 1.17 | 1.80 |
Bacteria | 1.39 | 1.34 | 3.27 | |
Untreated | Fungi | 0.57 | 0.99 | 1.60 |
Bacteria | 4.40 | 2.37 | 4.77 | |
Shannon (2015) | Alsace White-rot | Champagne White-rot | Languedoc Sectorial necrosis | |
Treated | Fungi | 1.79 | 1.51 | 2.03 |
Bacteria | 1.59 | 1.97 | 4.48 | |
Untreated | Fungi | 0.66 | 0.44 | 2.21 |
Bacteria | 2.33 | 2.15 | 5.51 |
Treated | Untreated | Treated | Untreated | Treated | Untreated | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Necrotic | Border | White-Rot | Non-Necrotic | Border | White-Rot | Non-Necrotic | Border | White-Rot | Non-Necrotic | Border | White-Rot | Non-Necrotic | Border | Sectorial Necrosis | Non-Necrotic | Border | Sectorial Necrosis | |
Alternaria spp. | 3.8 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 6.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
Aspergillus spp. | 0.2 | 0.0 | 66.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Aureobasidium pullulans | 6.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 3.9 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 5.8 | 0.1 | 87.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 7.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 4.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
Unknown Agaricales genus | 7.1 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 14.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 61.7 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 2.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
Cladosporium spp. | 4.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2.9 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 11.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 11.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
Diplodia seriata | 2.3 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 5.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 3.1 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 14.0 | 7.8 | 0.2 | 18.0 |
Eutypa lata | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 4.4 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 16.5 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Fomitiporia mediterranea | 14.7 | 1.2 | 7.2 | 32.2 | 63.5 | 92.1 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 6.2 | 76.9 | 81.5 | 94.5 | 8.7 | 1.2 | 39.6 | 14.1 | 74.2 | 16.8 |
Hypocrea lixii | 32.9 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.7 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Inonotus hispidus | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 16.6 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
Lepiota brunneoincarnata | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 21.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Mucor circinelloides | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 9.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Mycena maurella | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 20.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Penicillium spp. | 0.1 | 0.0 | 21.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Phaeoacremonium viticola | 12.5 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 20.3 | 27.3 | 7.0 | 4.1 | 6.5 | 3.1 |
Phaeomoniella chlamydospora | 10.8 | 96.1 | 1.5 | 4.2 | 42.4 | 5.8 | 1.4 | 42.4 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 16.2 | 1.1 | 18.4 | 33.6 | 9.6 | 8.8 | 17.2 | 5.7 |
Phaeoacremonium fraxinopennsylvanicum | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 36.5 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 36.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Sebacina spp. | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 4.9 | 19.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 |
Seimatosporium vitis | 1.6 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 23.0 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 28.9 | 38.5 | 0.3 | 55.8 |
Trichoderma atroviride | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 13.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Alsace | Champagne | Languedoc | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treated | Untreated | Treated | Untreated | Treated | Untreated | |||||||||||||
Non-Necrotic | Border | White-Rot | Non-Necrotic | Border | White-Rot | Non-Necrotic | Border | White-Rot | Non-Necrotic | Border | White-Rot | Non-Necrotic | Border | Sectorial Necrosis | Non-Necrotic | Border | Sectorial Necrosis | |
Amnibacterium sp. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 14.8 | 6.5 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 6.5 | ND | 0.5 | 22.3 | 0.0 | 26.0 |
Badyrhizobium sp. | 2.1 | 1.0 | 6.4 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 2.9 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 4.9 | 0.4 | 11.0 | 6.0 | 2.6 | ND | 0.0 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Brevundimonas sp. | 26.6 | 0.7 | 33.5 | 0.3 | 9.7 | 18.3 | 84.0 | 5.5 | 53.8 | 98.7 | 4.1 | 29.1 | 34.8 | ND | 1.1 | 7.3 | 0.3 | 1.0 |
Buttiauxella sp. | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.8 | ND | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
Cellulomonas sp. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 26.4 | 0.9 | ND | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Chryseobacterium sp. | 0.1 | 13.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 6.4 | 4.2 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 3.1 | 1.8 | ND | 0.0 | 0.2 | 5.9 | 0.1 |
Cloacibacterium sp. | 0.0 | 5.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 6.4 | 3.7 | 29.4 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 4.0 | 3.0 | ND | 0.0 | 0.2 | 5.8 | 0.1 |
Curtobacterium sp. | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 10.1 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 16.9 | ND | 28.7 | 37.6 | 0.1 | 35.7 |
Enterobacter sp. | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 39.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.4 | ND | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Erwinia sp. | 2.4 | 3.9 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 0.9 | ND | 39.0 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 11.1 |
Methylobacterium sp. | 0.5 | 0.1 | 3.8 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 7.8 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 4.4 | 0.7 | ND | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
Microbacterium sp. | 7.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 12.6 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 5.4 | ND | 0.2 | 3.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Nocardia sp. | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 40.6 | 4.5 | 21.3 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 3.6 | 1.4 | ND | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
Pantoea sp. | 45.1 | 68.8 | 0.1 | 13.7 | 23.7 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 3.9 | ND | 21.9 | 5.6 | 0.2 | 6.9 |
Pseudomonas sp. | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 5.8 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 30.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 29.7 | 0.0 | 7.6 | ND | 5.0 | 9.1 | 0.1 | 2.6 |
Raoultella sp. | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 44.4 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 32.4 | 0.1 | 1.0 | ND | 1.3 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.5 |
Rhizobium sp. | 1.6 | 0.8 | 4.9 | 0.1 | 27.0 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 12.7 | 6.9 | 9.0 | ND | 1.4 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 14.4 |
Sodalis sp. | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | ND | 0.0 | 0.5 | 45.8 | 0.1 |
Sphingomonas sp. | 11.2 | 0.2 | 50.7 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 30.7 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 15.8 | 1.7 | ND | 0.2 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 |
Yersinia sp. | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.5 | ND | 0.0 | 0.8 | 40.1 | 0.1 |
Strains | IC 50 | Relative IC50 Fm | IC 90 | LD 100 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fomitiporia mediterranea | 0.4 * | 1 ** | 7 * | 50 *** |
Phaeomoniella chlamydospora | 6 | 15 | 53 | 100 |
Eutypa lata | 8 | 20 | 46 | 500 |
Trichoderma sp. | 29 | 72 | 210 | ND |
Penicillium sp. strain 1 | 139 | 347 | 18 | ND |
Penicillium sp. strain 2 | 261 | 652 | 442 | ND |
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Bruez, E.; Larignon, P.; Bertsch, C.; Robert-Siegwald, G.; Lebrun, M.-H.; Rey, P.; Fontaine, F. Impacts of Sodium Arsenite on Wood Microbiota of Esca-Diseased Grapevines. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 498. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070498
Bruez E, Larignon P, Bertsch C, Robert-Siegwald G, Lebrun M-H, Rey P, Fontaine F. Impacts of Sodium Arsenite on Wood Microbiota of Esca-Diseased Grapevines. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7(7):498. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070498
Chicago/Turabian StyleBruez, Emilie, Philippe Larignon, Christophe Bertsch, Guillaume Robert-Siegwald, Marc-Henri Lebrun, Patrice Rey, and Florence Fontaine. 2021. "Impacts of Sodium Arsenite on Wood Microbiota of Esca-Diseased Grapevines" Journal of Fungi 7, no. 7: 498. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070498