Cork Oak Endophytic Fungi as Potential Biocontrol Agents against Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Diplodia corticola
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BioSystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
2
Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Fungi 2020, 6(4), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040287
Received: 19 October 2020
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Revised: 10 November 2020
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Accepted: 12 November 2020
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Published: 14 November 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Fungal Pathogenesis)
An increase in cork oak diseases caused by Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Diplodia corticola has been reported in the last decade. Due to the high socio-economic and ecologic importance of this plant species in the Mediterranean Basin, the search for preventive or treatment measures to control these diseases is an urgent need. Fungal endophytes were recovered from cork oak trees with different disease severity levels, using culture-dependent methods. The results showed a higher number of potential pathogens than beneficial fungi such as cork oak endophytes, even in healthy plants. The antagonist potential of a selection of eight cork oak fungal endophytes was tested against B. mediterranea and D. corticola by dual-plate assays. The tested endophytes were more efficient in inhibiting D. corticola than B. mediterranea growth, but Simplicillium aogashimaense, Fimetariella rabenhorstii, Chaetomium sp. and Alternaria alternata revealed a high potential to inhibit the growth of both. Simplicillium aogashimaense caused macroscopic and microscopic mycelial/hyphal deformations and presented promising results in controlling both phytopathogens’ growth in vitro. The evaluation of the antagonistic potential of non-volatile and volatile compounds also revealed that A. alternata compounds could be further explored for inhibiting both pathogens. These findings provide valuable knowledge that can be further explored in in vivo assays to find a suitable biocontrol agent for these cork oak diseases.
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Keywords:
fungi; endophytes; Biscogniauxia mediterranea; Diplodia corticola; biocontrol; cork oak
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Description: Table S1. Characterization of sampled cork oak stands. Temperatures and precipitation values from the 10 years previous to sampling collection are displayed (Tmax is the medium maximum temperature of the warmest month; Tmin is the medium minimum temperature of the coldest month; P annual is the annual precipitation). Table S2. Growth rates of cork oak endophytic fungi used for the antagonistic assays. Figure S1. Inhibition of fungal endophytes growth caused by the B. mediterranea and D. corticola in dual culture assay. Negative values indicate that the area of the plate covered by the interacting pathogen was higher than that of the control. Figure S2. Interaction in dual culture of S. aogashimaense-B. mediterranea (A), S. aogashimaense-D. corticola (B) and A. alternata- B. mediterranea (C) 72 h and 15 days after inoculation.
MDPI and ACS Style
Costa, D.; Tavares, R.M.; Baptista, P.; Lino-Neto, T. Cork Oak Endophytic Fungi as Potential Biocontrol Agents against Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Diplodia corticola. J. Fungi 2020, 6, 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040287
AMA Style
Costa D, Tavares RM, Baptista P, Lino-Neto T. Cork Oak Endophytic Fungi as Potential Biocontrol Agents against Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Diplodia corticola. Journal of Fungi. 2020; 6(4):287. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040287
Chicago/Turabian StyleCosta, Daniela, Rui M. Tavares, Paula Baptista, and Teresa Lino-Neto. 2020. "Cork Oak Endophytic Fungi as Potential Biocontrol Agents against Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Diplodia corticola" Journal of Fungi 6, no. 4: 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040287
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