Therapy of Non-Dermatophytic Mycoses in Animals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Systemic Antimycotic Drugs Currently Available for Veterinary Use and Their Side Effects
2.1. Amphotericin B (AmB)
2.2. 5 Fluorocytosine (5FC)
2.3. Azoles
2.4. Echinocandins
2.5. Terbinafine (TBF)
3. Molds
3.1. Disseminated Mycoses
3.1.1. Dogs
3.1.2. Avian Species
3.2. Upper Respiratory Tract Mycoses
3.3. Guttural Pouch Mycosis (GPM)
3.4. Eumycetoma
3.5. Keratomycoses
4. Dimorphic Fungi
4.1. Blastomycosis
4.2. Paracoccidioidomycosis
4.3. Histoplasmosis
4.4. Coccidioidomycosis
4.5. Sporotrichosis
5. Yeasts and Yeast-Like Fungi
5.1. Cryptococcosis
5.2. Malassezia pachydermatis
6. Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Etiology | Therapy Protocol | Outcome | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Aspergillus terreus | AmB methyl ester + 5FC | Failure | [21] |
Aspergillus deflectus | KCZ 4 m | Recovery after affected leg amputation | [22] |
Paecilomyces spp. | KCZ 3 w | Failure. No autopsy | [23] |
Lomentospora prolificans | ICZ 4 m | Failure | [24] |
Aspergillus terreus | ICZ 2 m | Failure | [25] |
Acremonium spp. | KCZ + ICZ 7 m | Failure | [26] |
Aspergillus terreus | Hamycin | Failure | [27] |
Aspergillus terreus | ICZ 33 m | Eut. 572 days after treatment cessation. | [28] |
Aspergillus terreus | ICZ 6 m | Failure. | |
Aspergillus terreus | ICZ 3 y | Eut. 485 d after treatment cessation | |
Aspergillus terreus | ICZ 17 m | Recovery. Eut. after 3 y (heart failure). No fungi found at autopsy | |
Case cohort. No association between aetiology and individual cases possible. | KCZ 2 w ICZ 11 w | Improvement. Eut. required by owners after 16 months, 12 of which without therapy | [29] |
KCZ 20 d ICZ 10 w | Improvement. Eut. required by owners | ||
KCZ 1 w ICZ 21 m irregularly | Improvement. Eut. (lymphocytic leukaemia) | ||
ICZ | Alive after 4 years | ||
Paecylomyces spp. | AMB + (KCZ then FCZ) | Improvement except eye then relapse 7 w Eut. | [30] |
Paecylomyces spp. | 5FC + FCZ | Eut. | [31] |
Paecilomyces spp. 1 | KCZ 4 m | Failure. Sudden death after apparent improvement. | [32] |
Phialemonium obovatum | AmB 8 days ICZ 1 m KCZ 2 m ICZ | Failure. Eut. 5 m after initial evaluation. | [33] |
Paecilomyces variotii | KCZ 6 m | Relapse 3 m after presentation. Eut.. | [34] |
Cladophialophora bantiana | FCZ 6 w | Eut. | [35] |
Schizophyllum commune | KCZ 3 m | Failure | [36] |
Monocillium indicum | ICZ 2 m | Relapse 7 m after presentation. Eut. | [37] |
Geomyces spp. | ICZ, 6 m + 4 m | Clinical improvement | [38] |
Paecylomyces varioti | ICZ, AmBLC 5 doses | Eut. | [39] |
Aspergillus terreus | AmB Lipid Complex + ICZ | Failure. Eut. | [40] |
? | ABLC ICZ | Failure. lost | |
Aspergillus niger | ABLC + ICZ, ICZ + TBF | Failure. lost | |
Aspergillus deflectus | ABLC + ICZ, deoxycholate AmB, ABLC + VCZ 7w, TBF + PCZ + ABLC, CFG 6 m, anidulafungin, ABLC + micafungin | Failure after 25 m | |
Aspergillus terreus | Hemilaminectomy, VCZ 6 m PCZ 4 m | Failure, Eut. 13 m | |
Oxyporus corticola | ICZ 6 m, TBF 10 m, ICZ 8 m | Eut. | [41] |
Pseudallescheria boydii | ICZ 3 w | Failed. Eut. | [42] |
Aspergillus spp. | FCZ 6 m | Failure. Eut. | [43] |
Phialosimplex caninus | ICZ 2 w AmB lipid complex 6 d ICZ 17 m | Death due to unknown cause. No autopsy. | [44] |
Oxyporus corticola | ICZ 18 d | Eut. | [45] |
Westerdykella spp. | ICZ, LipAmB, PCZ 3 m, TBF 4 w | Eut. | [46] |
Plectosphaerella cucumerina Lecythophora canina | ICZ+TBF | 14 m after presentation improvement except visual impairment | [47] |
Phialosimplex caninus | ICZ > 18 m | Recovered. | [48] |
Lomentospora prolificans | ICZ + TBF 16 d VCZ + TBF 6 w | Improved but relapsed after 6 m Eut. | [49] |
Spiromastix asexualis | ICZ | Eut. | [50] |
Scytalidium spp. | ICZ 3 m | Failure. Eut. | [51] |
Chrysosporium spp. | PCZ 36 d ICZ 11 w | Improved but relapsed 12 m later. Eut.. | [52] |
Aspergillus terreus | VCZ + TBF 11m + AmB 8 treatments | Alive with tetraparesis and, head tilt after 11 m | [20] |
FCZ 9 d VCZ + TBF | Lost to follow up | ||
Geosmithia argillacea | FCZ 10 m | Failure. Eut. | [53] |
Acremonium spp. | ICZ 2 w, 2 w pause, 11 d | Eut. | [54] |
Cohort of 10 dogs. No association between aetiology and individual cases possible. A. terreus × 5 A. fumigatus × 1 A. veriscolor × 1 Aspergillus spp. × 3 | PCZ PCZ + TBF 15 m | 9 dogs: survival 44–516 d 6 dogs: failure. Relapse at various times. 3 showed clinical improvement. 2 dogs relapsed after therapy cessation and 1 dog lost to follow-up 1 dog alive at 5 y | [55] |
Bipolaris spicifera | FCZ 1 w, ICZ + TBF, LipAmB 1 d | Eut. | [56] |
Phanerochaete chrysosporium | ICZ 7 m | Eut. | [57] |
Cladosporium cladosporioides-complex | ICZ 5 m | Relapse after 25 m. Eut. | [58] |
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Elad, D. Therapy of Non-Dermatophytic Mycoses in Animals. J. Fungi 2018, 4, 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof4040120
Elad D. Therapy of Non-Dermatophytic Mycoses in Animals. Journal of Fungi. 2018; 4(4):120. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof4040120
Chicago/Turabian StyleElad, Daniel. 2018. "Therapy of Non-Dermatophytic Mycoses in Animals" Journal of Fungi 4, no. 4: 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof4040120