Morphology and Phylogeny Reveal New Species and Records of Diplodia, Dothiorella, and Phaeobotryon Associated with Tree Cankers in Xizang, China
1
Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
2
Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050331
Submission received: 11 March 2025
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Revised: 7 April 2025
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Accepted: 21 April 2025
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Published: 22 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research of Ascomycota)
Abstract
:The fungal family Botryosphaeriaceae, which includes genera such as Diplodia, Dothiorella, and Phaeobotryon, comprises species commonly associated with woody plants such as endophytes, pathogens, and saprophytes. The Xizang Autonomous Region of China, known for its rich forest resources, harbors significant fungal diversity. However, limited research has been conducted on plant-disease-associated fungi in this region. In this study, we employed morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA (ITS), the ribosomal large subunit (LSU), the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene, and the partial beta-tubulin (tub2) gene to identify fungal species. As a result, two new species, Diplodia salicicola sp. nov. and Phaeobotryon xizangense sp. nov., are proposed and described herein. Additionally, Di. corticola, Di. mutila, Do. acericola, Do. magnoliae, Do. vidmadera, Do. yunnana comb. nov., and Do. zanthoxyli are reported for the first time in Xizang. Our findings contribute to advancing the knowledge of fungal biodiversity in Xizang’s high-altitude ecosystems.
1. Introduction
Fungi play a significant role in forest ecosystems and are closely associated with forest health, often causing various diseases including canker, leaf spots, fruit rot, and other ailments [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. Members of the Botryosphaeriales usually inhabit tree hosts, existing as endophytes, saprophytes, or pathogens [9,10,11,12,13,14]. For instance, Aplosporella prunicola, Botryosphaeria dothidea, and Phyllosticta capitalensis are known to cause leaf spots on Castanea mollissima [15]; Melanops chinensis is linked to oak canker disease [16]; and Lasiodiplodia cinnamomi is responsible for branch canker in Cinnamomum camphora [17].
The fungal order Botryosphaeriales was initially established to encompass a single family, Botryosphaeriaceae [18]. However, recent studies have significantly expanded our understanding of this order, leading to the discovery of new families, genera, and species [19,20,21,22,23,24]. Currently, six phylogenetically distinct lineages, representing six families, are widely recognized within Botryosphaeriales: Aplosporellaceae, Botryosphaeriaceae, Melanopsaceae, Phyllostictaceae, Planistromellaceae, and Saccharataceae [21,24]. Among these, Botryosphaeriaceae is the most diverse, comprising the majority of genera and species, whereas Melanopsaceae is the least diverse, containing only a single genus with a limited number of species [16,25,26,27,28,29,30,31].
Diplodia is known to produce two distinct types of conidia. In type 1, the conidia are initially hyaline and aseptate but gradually transition to pale or dark brown and develop one or several septa as they mature. In contrast, conidia of type 2 become pigmented early in their development and rarely form septa [22,24,29]. Due to the overlapping morphological characteristics among species, molecular phylogenetic analysis is essential for accurate species identification within this genus [32,33,34].
Dothiorella has undergone significant conceptual changes over time [29]. Currently, it is recognized as a distinct lineage within the family Botryosphaeriaceae [19,20,21,29,35,36]. Species identification of Dothiorella and the other botryosphaeriaceous genera primarily relies on anamorphic and cultural characteristics, supplemented by molecular phylogenetic analysis, due to the rarity of their teleomorphic stages [35,36,37,38,39].
Phaeobotryon was established to accommodate the species previously known as Dothidea cercidis, now classified as Phaeobotryon cercidis [40]. This genus is characterized by its distinctive 2-septate, brown ascospores, which exhibit conical, apiculate-elliptic to oblong or obovoid shapes at both ends, along with hyaline or brown conidia [29,41,42,43,44,45]. Recently, several additional species have been incorporated into this genus based on a combination of morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic evidence [41,42,43,44,45].
In the present study, symptoms of Botryosphaeriaceae-associated canker were observed on various tree hosts in Xizang, China. The objectives of this study were to identify the fungi from the diseased branches and to describe and characterize new species using a combination of molecular and morphological approaches.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Specimens and Strains
In the summer of 2024, field investigations were carried out in the southeastern regions of Xizang to collect fungi from virgin forests. During the sampling process, tree branches and twigs exhibiting conspicuous fungal fruiting bodies were carefully selected. These branches were then cut into 15 cm segments, systematically packaged in paper bags, and subsequently transported to the laboratory for comprehensive analysis and further research.
Using sterile surgical blades, fungal fruiting bodies were carefully dissected, and spore masses were aseptically transferred onto the surface of potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium (containing 200 g potato infusion, 20 g glucose, 20 g agar, and distilled water to make 1000 mL final volume) with sterilized inoculation needles. The inoculated Petri dishes were maintained at 25 °C under complete darkness to facilitate spore germination. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of the Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), while the pure cultures were preserved in the China Forestry Culture Collection Center (CFCC) for long-term storage and future reference.
2.2. Morphological Observations
Comprehensive morphological characterization was performed based on the examination of naturally developed fungal conidiomata on host twigs and branches. The fruiting bodies were meticulously sectioned using sterile surgical blades and subsequently documented using a Zeiss Discovery V8 stereomicroscope (Carl Zeiss AG, Jena, Germany) equipped with a digital imaging system. Detailed microscopic examination was conducted using an Olympus BX51 compound microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a camera Axiocam 208 color and and ZEN lite Software (https://www.zeiss.com/microscopy/en/products/software/zeiss-zen-lite.html, accessed on 5 August 2024) to analyze and photograph critical taxonomic features, including conidiophores, conidiogenous cells, and conidia. For quantitative analysis, fifty conidia were randomly selected and measured to determine their dimensional characteristics.
2.3. DNA Extraction and Amplification
Genomic DNA was extracted from fungal colonies cultivated on PDA plates using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method [46]. For isolates belonging to Diplodia and Dothiorella, three genomic regions were amplified: the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA (ITS), the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene, and the partial beta-tubulin (tub2) gene. For Phaeobotryon isolates, the ITS region, the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU), and the tef1 gene were targeted. PCR amplification was performed using the following primer pairs: ITS1/ITS4 for ITS, LR0R/LR5 for LSU, EF1-728F/EF1-986R for tef1, and Bt2a/Bt2b for tub2 [47,48,49,50]. The thermal cycling conditions consisted of an initial denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, annealing at 52 °C (for ITS and LSU) or 54 °C (for tef1 and tub2) for 50 s, and extension at 72 °C for 1 min, with a final elongation step at 72 °C for 7 min. Purified PCR products were sequenced bidirectionally by Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China).
2.4. Molecular Phylogeny
The obtained sequences were initially identified through BLASTn searches against the NCBI GenBank database to verify their taxonomic classification. Reference sequences of Diplodia, Dothiorella, and Phaeobotryon were retrieved from recent publications (Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3) and downloaded from GenBank. For each genus, individual loci (ITS, LSU, tef1, and tub2) were aligned using MAFFT v. 6.0 and manually refined in MEGA v. 6.0. [51,52]. Subsequently, concatenated datasets were prepared: ITS, tef1, and tub2 for Diplodia and Dothiorella, and ITS, LSU, and tef1 for Phaeobotryon. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using both maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) approaches through the CIPRES Science Gateway platform [53,54,55]. The general time reversible (GTR) model with gamma-distributed rate variation was selected as the optimal substitution model. For ML analysis, nodal support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Bayesian analysis was performed with four independent Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) runs of 1,000,000 generations each, sampling every 1000 generations. The first 25% of trees were discarded as burn-in, and the remaining trees were used to construct a 50% majority-rule consensus tree. Phylogenetic trees were visualized and annotated using FigTree v. 1.4.4, with final graphical editing performed in Adobe Illustrator 2020.
3. Results
3.1. Phylogeny
In the phylogenetic analysis of Diplodia, a combined dataset comprising ITS, tef1, and tub2 sequences from 68 strains was utilized. The final alignment spanned 1302 characters, distributed as follows: 568 characters from ITS, 303 from tef1, and 431 from tub2. The maximum likelihood (ML) optimization of the best RAxML tree yielded a likelihood value of −6096.16. The alignment matrix contained 540 distinct patterns, with 13.49% of the characters being undetermined or gaps. The estimated base frequencies were A = 0.204491, C = 0.308989, G = 0.259443, and T = 0.227077. The substitution rates were AC = 0.839353, AG = 2.834662, AT = 0.813846, CG = 0.921389, CT = 4.425100, and GT = 1.0. The gamma distribution shape parameter (α) was 0.257468. The topology of the phylogenetic tree constructed in this study was highly consistent with those reported in previous publications. Both RAxML and Bayesian analyses produced congruent topologies for the isolates examined. Specifically, isolates CFCC 71412 and LZ100 formed a distinct clade closely related to Diplodia fici-septicae and D. pipa, supported by high bootstrap (BS = 100) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP = 1) values. Isolate CFCC 71471 clustered with strains of D. mutila, while isolates CFCC 71193 and N183 formed a clade with strains of D. corticola (Figure 1). Based on these findings, five Diplodia isolates from this study were identified as D. salicicola sp. nov., D. mutila, and D. corticola.
In the phylogenetic analysis of Dothiorella, a combined dataset comprising ITS, tef1, and tub2 sequences from 78 strains was utilized. The final alignment spanned 1384 characters, distributed as follows: 661 characters from ITS, 294 from tef1, and 429 from tub2. The maximum likelihood (ML) optimization of the best RAxML tree yielded a likelihood value of −8608.95. The alignment matrix contained 661 distinct patterns, with 24.09% of the characters being undetermined or gaps. The estimated base frequencies were A = 0.210908, C = 0.305139, G = 0.251287, and T = 0.232666. The substitution rates were AC = 0.875931, AG = 2.225085, AT = 1.052270, CG = 0.978866, CT = 3.644353, and GT = 1.0. The gamma distribution shape parameter (α) was 0.250867. The topology of the phylogenetic tree constructed in this study was consistent with those reported in previous publications. Both RAxML and Bayesian analyses produced congruent topologies for the isolates examined. Based on the phylogeny (Figure 2), eight Dothiorella isolates from this study were identified as Do. acericola, Do. yunnana, Do. magnoliae, Do. Vidmadera, and Do. zanthoxyli.
In the phylogenetic analysis of Phaeobotryon, a combined dataset comprising ITS, LSU, and tef1 sequences from 43 strains was utilized. The final alignment spanned 1891 characters, distributed as follows: 559 characters from ITS, 785 from LSU, and 547 from tef1. The maximum likelihood (ML) optimization of the best RAxML tree yielded a likelihood value of −5235.17. The alignment matrix contained 379 distinct patterns, with 18.78% of the characters being undetermined or gaps. The estimated base frequencies were A = 0.232859, C = 0.255406, G = 0.284479, and T = 0.227256. The substitution rates were AC = 0.942249, AG = 3.001570, AT = 0.626571, CG = 1.509093, CT = 5.496302, and GT = 1.0. The gamma distribution shape parameter (α) was 0.257468. The topology of the phylogenetic tree constructed in this study was highly consistent with those reported in previous publications. Both RAxML and Bayesian analyses produced congruent topologies for the isolates examined. Two isolates from the present study clustered into a separate clade from the other known species, named as Phaeobotryon xizangense sp. nov (Figure 3).
3.2. Taxonomy
Diplodia corticola A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & J. Luque, in Alves, Correia, Luque & Phillips, Mycologia 96(3): 603 (2004)
Materials examined: CHINA, Xizang Autonomous Region, Linzhi City, Gongbujiangda County, Gongbujiangda Town, Apeixin Village, on cankered twigs and branches of Prunus mira, 7 July 2024, Ning Jiang, Jiangrong Li, Jieting Li & Liangna Guo (cultures CFCC 71193, N183).
Notes: Diplodia corticola is recognized as a pathogen affecting Quercus spp. in Europe and the USA, and it has also been reported to inhabit Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus pinaster [32,37]. In this study, two isolates obtained from Prunus mira in China were identified as D. corticola based on molecular evidence (Figure 1). This finding expands the known host range and geographic distribution of D. corticola.
Diplodia mutila (Fr.) Fr., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2 1: 349 (1834)
Materials examined: CHINA, Xizang Autonomous Region, Linzhi City, Bomi County, on cankered branches of Prunus armeniaca, 24 October 2024, Ning Jiang, Min Liu, Jieting Li & Yi Li (culture CFCC 71473).
Notes: Diplodia mutila is associated with a diverse range of woody hosts globally, including species of Malus, Quercus, Vitis, and others [31,33]. In this study, we isolated a new strain of D. mutila from Prunus armeniaca, which were confidently identified through molecular data (Figure 1).
Diplodia salicicola Ning Jiang, sp. nov.
MycoBank: MB858270
Etymology: Named after the host genus, Salix and “cola” = inhabiting.
Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, subglobose to globose, semi-immersed to erumpent, unilocular, 250–450 μm diam. Disc brown to black, 100–200 μm in diam. Ostioles single, central, papillate, 20–45 μm. Paraphyses present, hyaline, thin-walled, arising from the conidiogenous layer, extending above the level of developing conidia, tip rounded, aseptate, up to 72 × 2 μm. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, cylindrical, holoblastic, phialidic, proliferating internally with visible periclinal thickening, (9.5–)11.5–25.5(–37) × (2.5–)3–4.5(–6) μm. Conidia initially hyaline, becoming brown with age, oval to cylindrical, smooth with granular contents, guttulate, both ends broadly rounded, aseptate, (26.5–)27.5–29(–29.5) × (10–)11–13(–13.5) μm.
Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA flat, spreading, with flocculent mycelium and even edges, initially white to grey, becoming brown after 10 d, reaching a 90 mm diameter after 10 days at 25 °C in the dark.
Materials examined: CHINA, Xizang Autonomous Region, Linzhi City, Chayu County, on cankered twigs and branches of Salix takasagoalpina, 22 October 2024, Ning Jiang, Min Liu, Jieting Li & Yi Li (holotype CAF800143); ex-type cultures CFCC 71412, LZ100.
Notes: Diplodia salicicola, isolated from Salix takasagoalpina in Xizang, is phylogenetically closely related to D. fici-septicae from Ficus septica in Taiwan and D. pipa from Eriobotrya japonica in Yunnan (Figure 1). Although all three species were discovered in China, they exhibit distinct morphological and molecular characteristics. Morphologically, D. salicicola can be distinguished from D. fici-septicae by its longer conidiogenous cells (11.5–25.5 × 3–4.5 μm in D. salicicola vs. 4–7 × 3–5 μm in D. fici-septicae), and from D. pipa by its aseptate mature conidia. Additionally, D. salicicola differs from D. fici-septicae and D. pipa at the molecular level, with sequence differences of 1/545 bp in ITS and 18/315 bp in tef1 compared to D. fici-septicae and 4/545 bp in ITS, 16/315 bp in tef1, and 2/404 bp in tub2 compared to D. pipa [34,43].
Figure 4.
Morphology of Diplodia salicicola from Salix takasagoalpina. (A,B) Conidiomata formed on branches. (C) Transverse section through a conidioma. (D) Longitudinal section of a conidioma. (E–G) Conidiogenous cells with attached conidia. (H) Conidia. Scale bars: (B) = 500 μm; (C,D) = 300 μm; (E–H) = 20 μm.
Figure 4.
Morphology of Diplodia salicicola from Salix takasagoalpina. (A,B) Conidiomata formed on branches. (C) Transverse section through a conidioma. (D) Longitudinal section of a conidioma. (E–G) Conidiogenous cells with attached conidia. (H) Conidia. Scale bars: (B) = 500 μm; (C,D) = 300 μm; (E–H) = 20 μm.
Dothiorella acericola Phookamsak, Tennakoon & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 95: 78 (2019)
Materials examined: CHINA, Xizang Autonomous Region, Linzhi City, Bomi County, Yigong Town, on dead branches of an unknown host, 25 October 2024, Ning Jiang, Min Liu, Jieting Li & Yi Li (cultures CFCC 71537, N593).
Notes: Dothiorella acericola was first identified on dead hanging twigs of Acer palmatum in Yunnan Province, China, and was later reported to be associated with branch cankers of Ziziphus jujuba in Beijing [56,57]. In the present study, we report, for the first time, the occurrence of this fungal species on dead branches in Xizang Autonomous Region, thereby expanding its known geographical distribution.
Dothiorella magnoliae C.M. Tian & C.J. You, Mycosphere 8(2): 1035 (2017)
Materials examined: CHINA, Xizang Autonomous Region, Linzhi City, Bayi District, on cankered branches of Albizia julibrissin, 8 July 2024, Ning Jiang, Jieting Li, Yi Li & Ji Qiang (culture CFCC 71215).
Notes: Dothiorella magnoliae was originally described based on two strains isolated from Magnolia grandiflora in Sichuan Province, China [39]. In the present study, we report the first isolation of this fungal species from Albizia julibrissin, representing a new host record for this pathogen.
Dothiorella vidmadera W.M. Pitt, Úrbez-Torr. & Trouillas, Fungal Diversity 61(1): 216 (2013)
Materials examined: CHINA, Xizang Autonomous Region, Linzhi City, Bomi County, Yigong Town, on cankered branches of Chaenomeles cathayensis, 10 July 2024, Ning Jiang, Jieting Li & Haoyin Zhang (cultures CFCC 71191, N282).
Notes: Dothiorella vidmadera was originally reported as a pathogen associated with grapevines (Vitis vinifera) in Australia [38]. In the present study, we identified two strains isolated from Chaenomeles cathayensis in Xizang Autonomous Region, China, as D. vidmadera, representing both a new host association and a significant expansion of its known geographical distribution.
Dothiorella yunnana (Y. Zhang ter & Min Zhang) Ning Jiang, comb. nov.
MycoBank: MB858272
Basionym: Spencermartinsia yunnana Y. Zhang ter & Min Zhang, Mycosphere 7(7): 1060 (2016)
Materials examined: CHINA, Xizang Autonomous Region, Linzhi City, Lang County, on cankered branches of Rosa chinensis, 5 July 2024, Ning Jiang, Jiangrong Li, Jieting Li & Liangna Guo (culture CFCC 71177).
Notes: The genus Dothiorella was resurrected to accommodate species characterized by conidia that become pigmented while still attached to their conidiogenous cells [30]. Concurrently, the genus Spencermartinsia was established to include Dothiorella-like species exhibiting apiculate ascospores [58]. However, molecular phylogenetic evidence has demonstrated that the presence of apiculate ascospores within the Botryosphaeriales is not a reliable taxonomic character for generic delineation [59]. Spencermartinsia yunnana was originally described from multiple hosts, including Acer buergerianum, Camellia sp., Poncirus trifoliata, and Ternstroemia gymnanthera, with its taxonomic status validated through the designation of a holotype [36,60]. In the present study, based on comprehensive phylogenetic analyses, we further confirm that Spencermartinsia should be treated as a synonym of Dothiorella. Consequently, Spencermartinsia yunnana is formally transferred to Dothiorella as Do. yunnana.
Dothiorella zanthoxyli L.W. Li & Jian K. Liu, MycoKeys 97: 98 (2023)
Materials examined: CHINA, Xizang Autonomous Region, Linzhi City, Bomi County, Yigong Town, on cankered branches of Diospyros lotus, 10 July 2024, Ning Jiang, Jieting Li & Haoyin Zhang (cultures CFCC 71191, N282).
Notes: Dothiorella zanthoxyli was recently described as a species isolated from decaying branches of Zanthoxylum bungeanum in Sichuan, China [41]. In this study, we identified two strains obtained from cankered branches of Diospyros lotus in Xizang, China, as Do. zanthoxyli based on molecular phylogeny (Figure 2). This finding represents the first report of Do. zanthoxyli on Diospyros lotus, thereby establishing it as a new host for this fungal species.
Phaeobotryon xizangense Ning Jiang, sp. nov.
MycoBank: MB858271
Etymology: Named after the collection site of the holotype, Xizang Autonomous Region.
Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, subglobose to globose, semi-immersed to erumpent, unilocular, and 400–650 μm diam. Disc black, 200–400 μm in diam. Ostioles single, central, papillate, and 85–190 μm. Paraphyses present, hyaline, thin-walled, arising from the conidiogenous layer, extending above the level of developing conidia, tip rounded, aseptate, and up to 58 × 3.5 μm. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, cylindrical, holoblastic, phialidic, and proliferating internally with visible periclinal thickening, (10–)12.5–21.5(–25) × (2.5–)3–4.5(–5.5) μm. Conidia initially hyaline, becoming brown with age, oval to cylindrical, smooth with granular contents, guttulate, both ends broadly rounded, initially aseptate, and becoming 1-septate, (25–)26.5–30(–32.5) × (11.5–)13–15.5(–16) μm.
Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA flat, spreading, with flocculent mycelium and even edges, initially white, becoming brown to black after 10 d, and reaching a 90 mm diameter after 10 days at 25 °C in the dark.
Materials examined: CHINA, Xizang Autonomous Region, Linzhi City, Bomi County, Yigong Town, on cankered twigs and branches of Platycladus orientalis, 25 October 2024, Ning Jiang, Min Liu, Jieting Li & Yi Li (holotype CAF800144); ex-type cultures CFCC 71501, LZ204.
Notes: In the phylogram (Figure 3), Phaeobotryon xizangense from Xizang, China, clusters closely with P. platycladi from Beijing, China. Despite both species sharing the same host, Platycladus orientalis, they can be readily distinguished by their conidial dimensions: P. xizangense exhibits conidia measuring 26.5–30 × 13–15.5 μm, whereas P. platycladi has conidia of a different size 23–31 × 9.5–12.5 μm. In addition, P. xizangense differs from P. platycladi in sequence data (4/463 bp in ITS, 1/556 bp in LSU, 22/312 bp in tef1) [42].
Figure 5.
Morphology of Phaeobotryon xizangense from Platycladus orientalis. (A,B) Conidiomata formed on branches. (C) Transverse section through the conidiomata. (D) Longitudinal section of the conidiomata. (E–G) Conidiogenous cells with attached conidia. (H) Conidia. Scale bars: (B–D) = 500 μm; (E–H) = 20 μm.
Figure 5.
Morphology of Phaeobotryon xizangense from Platycladus orientalis. (A,B) Conidiomata formed on branches. (C) Transverse section through the conidiomata. (D) Longitudinal section of the conidiomata. (E–G) Conidiogenous cells with attached conidia. (H) Conidia. Scale bars: (B–D) = 500 μm; (E–H) = 20 μm.
4. Discussion
In this study, species belonging to the genera Diplodia, Dothiorella, and Phaeobotryon were investigated in Xizang, a region known for its rich fungal diversity but which is largely understudied. Using an integrative taxonomic approach that combines morphological characterization and molecular phylogeny, several species were identified, including Diplodia corticola, Di. mutila, Di. salicicola sp. nov., Do. acericola, Do. magnoliae, Do. vidmadera, Do. yunnana comb. nov., Do. zanthoxyli, and Phaeobotryon xizangense sp. nov., isolated from various tree hosts. These findings substantially advance our understanding of fungal species diversity of Botryosphaeriales and their host associations and distribution patterns.
Members of Botryosphaeriales are widely recognized as plant pathogens, yet the ecological roles of many species remain unconfirmed due to a lack of pathogenicity testing [61,62,63]. A similar situation arises in this study, where most identified species were found in association with canker symptoms. However, due to insufficient host materials, conducting rigorous pathogenicity tests proved challenging. Given the ecological and economic significance of botryosphaerialean fungi, increased funding and research attention should be directed toward these fungi and their associated diseases. Such efforts would not only advance fungal taxonomy but also contribute to the understanding and management of forest health.
Generic boundaries within Botryosphaeriales are often morphologically ambiguous [14,19,20,21]. A notable example is the previous placement of several Dothiorella species into Spencermartinsia based on the presence of apiculate ascospores [30,58,59]. However, this characteristic was later determined to be unreliable for genus delineation, leading to the synonymization of Spencermartinsia with Dothiorella, as supported by multigene phylogenetic analyses [36,59,60]. In this study, we reclassify Spencermartinsia yunnana as Dothiorella yunnana to clarify the taxonomic boundaries within the genus Dothiorella.
Septation and pigmentation are not consistently reliable diagnostic features within Botryosphaeriales [29,64]. For instance, in the genus Diplodia, some species, such as Di. salicicola, produce aseptate and pigmented conidia, while others, like Di. afrocarpi, initially form hyaline and aseptate conidia that later transition to dark brown and develop a septum as they mature [64]. Despite this variability in septation and pigmentation, these species form a strongly supported monophyletic lineage within Botryosphaeriales [21,24]. Therefore, future studies incorporating broader collections and additional data are essential to refine the classification of genera within Botryosphaeriaceae and to establish more robust taxonomic boundaries.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, J.Z. and A.L.; methodology, N.J.; software, N.J.; validation, J.Z. and A.L.; formal analysis, J.Z.; investigation, J.Z. and A.L.; resources, J.Z. and A.L.; data curation, J.Z. and A.L.; writing—original draft preparation, J.Z., A.L. and N.J.; writing—review and editing, J.Z.; visualization, N.J.; supervision, J.Z.; project administration, N.J.; funding acquisition, N.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by Lasa Science and Technology Plan Project (LSKJ202437-2) and National Microbial Resource Center of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (NMRC-2024-7).
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Figure 1.
Phylogram of Diplodia resulting from a maximum likelihood analysis based on the combined dataset of ITS, tef1, and tub2. Numbers above the branches indicate ML bootstraps (left, ML BS ≥ 50%) and Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (right, BPP ≥ 0.90). The tree is rooted with Botryosphaeria dothidea (CBS 115476) and Dothiorella dulcispinae (CBS 130413 and CMW 36462). The ex-type strains are indicated by an asterisk (*), and strains from the present study are in black bold.
Figure 1.
Phylogram of Diplodia resulting from a maximum likelihood analysis based on the combined dataset of ITS, tef1, and tub2. Numbers above the branches indicate ML bootstraps (left, ML BS ≥ 50%) and Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (right, BPP ≥ 0.90). The tree is rooted with Botryosphaeria dothidea (CBS 115476) and Dothiorella dulcispinae (CBS 130413 and CMW 36462). The ex-type strains are indicated by an asterisk (*), and strains from the present study are in black bold.
Figure 2.
Phylogram of Dothiorella resulting from a maximum likelihood analysis based on the combined dataset of ITS, tef1, and tub2. Numbers above the branches indicate ML bootstraps (left, ML BS ≥ 50%) and Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (right, BPP ≥ 0.90). The tree is rooted with Neofusicoccum luteum (CBS 562.92 and CMW 41365). The ex-type strains are indicated by an asterisk (*), and strains from the present study are in black bold.
Figure 2.
Phylogram of Dothiorella resulting from a maximum likelihood analysis based on the combined dataset of ITS, tef1, and tub2. Numbers above the branches indicate ML bootstraps (left, ML BS ≥ 50%) and Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (right, BPP ≥ 0.90). The tree is rooted with Neofusicoccum luteum (CBS 562.92 and CMW 41365). The ex-type strains are indicated by an asterisk (*), and strains from the present study are in black bold.
Figure 3.
Phylogram of Phaeobotryon resulting from a maximum likelihood analysis based on the combined dataset of ITS, tef1, and tub2. Numbers above the branches indicate ML bootstraps (left, ML BS ≥ 50%) and Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (right, BPP ≥ 0.90). The tree is rooted with Alanphillipsia euphorbia (CBS 136411) and Oblongocollomyces variabilis (CBS 121774). The ex-type strains are indicated by an asterisk (*), and strains from the present study are in black bold.
Figure 3.
Phylogram of Phaeobotryon resulting from a maximum likelihood analysis based on the combined dataset of ITS, tef1, and tub2. Numbers above the branches indicate ML bootstraps (left, ML BS ≥ 50%) and Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (right, BPP ≥ 0.90). The tree is rooted with Alanphillipsia euphorbia (CBS 136411) and Oblongocollomyces variabilis (CBS 121774). The ex-type strains are indicated by an asterisk (*), and strains from the present study are in black bold.
Table 1.
Isolates and GenBank accession numbers used in the genus Diplodia.
| Species | Isolates | GenBank Accession Number | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ITS | tef1 | tub2 | ||
| Botryosphaeria dothidea | CBS 115476 * | AY236949 | AY236898 | AY236927 |
| Diplodia acerigena | CGMCC 3.24157 | OQ190518 | OQ241452 | NA |
| Diplodia acerigena | UESTCC 22.0074 | OQ190519 | OQ241453 | OQ338163 |
| Diplodia acerigena | UESTCC 22.0075 | OQ190520 | OQ241454 | OQ338164 |
| Diplodia africana | CBS 120835 * | KF766155 | KF766397 | KF766129 |
| Diplodia africana | STE-U 5946 | EF445344 | EF445383 | NA |
| Diplodia afrocarpi | CBS 131681 * | MT587333 | MT592035 | MT592471 |
| Diplodia agrifolia | CBS 124.30 | KX464087 | KX464557 | KX464783 |
| Diplodia alanphillipsii | IRAN 1508C | KF890208 | KF890190 | NA |
| Diplodia alanphillipsii | IRAN 1509C | KF890209 | KF890191 | NA |
| Diplodia alanphillipsii | IRAN 1574C | MT258875 | MT270153 | NA |
| Diplodia allocellula | CBS 130408 * | JQ239397 | JQ239384 | JQ239378 |
| Diplodia allocellula | CMW 36470 | JQ239399 | JQ239386 | JQ239380 |
| Diplodia arengae | MFLU 17-2769 * | MG762771 | MG762774 | MG783039 |
| Diplodia bulgarica | CBS 124254 | GQ923853 | GQ923821 | NA |
| Diplodia bulgarica | CBS 124135 * | GQ923852 | GQ923820 | NA |
| Diplodia citricarpa | CBS 124715 * | KF890207 | KF890189 | KX464784 |
| Diplodia corticola | CBS 112549 * | AY259100 | AY573227 | DQ458853 |
| Diplodia corticola | CBS 112546 | AY259090 | EU673310 | EU673117 |
| Diplodia corticola | CFCC 71193 | PV264850 | NA | PV339814 |
| Diplodia corticola | N183 | PV264851 | NA | PV339815 |
| Diplodia crataegicola | MFLU 15-1311 * | KT290244 | KT290248 | KT290246 |
| Diplodia cupressi | CBS 168.87 * | DQ458893 | DQ458878 | DQ458861 |
| Diplodia cupressi | CBS 261.85 | DQ458894 | DQ458879 | DQ458862 |
| Diplodia eriobotryicola | CBS 140851 * | KT240355 | KT240193 | MG015806 |
| Diplodia estuarina | CMW 41363 | KP860829 | KP860674 | KP860752 |
| Diplodia estuarina | CMW 41230 | KP860830 | KP860675 | KP860753 |
| Diplodia fici-septicae | MFLUCC 20-0037 | MW063180 | MW183802 | NA |
| Diplodia fici-septicae | NCYUCC 19-0007 | MW063181 | MW183803 | NA |
| Diplodia fraxini | CBS 136010 * | KF307700 | KF318747 | MG015807 |
| Diplodia fraxini | CBS 136011 | KF307711 | KF318748 | MG015808 |
| Diplodia galiicola | MFLU15-1310 * | KT290245 | KT290249 | MT592471 |
| Diplodia gallae | CBS 211.25 | KX464090 | KX464564 | KX464795 |
| Diplodia gallae | CBS 212.25 | KX464091 | KX464565 | KX464796 |
| Diplodia malorum | CBS 124130 * | GQ923865 | GQ923833 | NA |
| Diplodia malorum | BN-37 | KT240360 | KT240198 | NA |
| Diplodia mutila | CBS 112553 * | AY259093 | AY573219 | KY554743 |
| Diplodia mutila | UESTCC 22.0064 | OQ190521 | OQ241455 | OQ338165 |
| Diplodia mutila | UESTCC 22.0065 | OQ190522 | OQ241456 | OQ338166 |
| Diplodia mutila | UESTCC 22.0069 | OQ190523 | OQ241457 | OQ338167 |
| Diplodia mutila | UESTCC 22.0068 | OQ190524 | OQ241458 | OQ338168 |
| Diplodia mutila | UESTCC 22.0067 | OQ190525 | OQ241459 | OQ338169 |
| Diplodia mutila | UESTCC 22.0063 | OQ190526 | OQ241460 | OQ338170 |
| Diplodia mutila | CFCC 71473 | PV264852 | PV268109 | PV339816 |
| Diplodia neojuniperi | CPC 22753 * | KM006431 | KM006462 | NA |
| Diplodia neojuniperi | CPC 22754 | KM006432 | KM006463 | NA |
| Diplodia olivarum | CBS 121887 * | EU392302 | EU392279 | HQ660079 |
| Diplodia olivarum | IMI 390972 | HM028640 | HQ660078 | HQ660080 |
| Diplodia parva | KNU16-007 * | LC417238 | LC435495 | LC522938 |
| Diplodia pipa | CGMCC 3.27062 * | PP192032 | PP197939 | PP197952 |
| Diplodia pistaciicola | CGMCC 3.24156 | OQ190527 | OQ241461 | OQ338171 |
| Diplodia pistaciicola | UESTCC 22.0071 | OQ190528 | OQ241462 | OQ275062 |
| Diplodia pseudoseriata | CBS 124906 * | EU080927 | EU863181 | MG015820 |
| Diplodia quercivora | CBS 133852 * | JX894205 | JX894229 | MG015821 |
| Diplodia quercivora | MEAN 1017 | KU311198 | KU311201 | NA |
| Diplodia rosulata | CBS 116470 * | EU430265 | EU430267 | EU673132 |
| Diplodia rosulata | CBS 116472 | EU430266 | EU430268 | EU673131 |
| Diplodia salicicola sp. nov. | CFCC 71412 * | PV264853 | PV268110 | PV339817 |
| Diplodia salicicola sp. nov. | LZ100 * | PV264854 | PV268111 | PV339818 |
| Diplodia sapinea | CBS 393.84 * | DQ458895 | DQ458880 | DQ458863 |
| Diplodia sapinea | CBS 109726 | KX464094 | KX464568 | KX464800 |
| Diplodia scrobiculata | CBS 118110 * | AY253292 | AY624253 | AY624258 |
| Diplodia seriata | CBS 112555 * | AY259094 | AY573220 | DQ458856 |
| Diplodia subglobosa | CBS 124133 * | GQ923856 | GQ923824 | MT592576 |
| Diplodia subglobosa | CBS 124132 | DQ458887 | DQ458871 | DQ458852 |
| Diplodia tsugae | CBS 418.64 * | DQ458888 | DQ458873 | DQ458855 |
| Dothiorella dulcispinae | CBS 130413 | JQ239400 | JQ239387 | JQ239373 |
| Dothiorella dulcispinae | CMW 36462 | JQ239402 | JQ239389 | JQ239375 |
Note: NA, not applicable. Ex-type strains are marked with *, and strains from present study are in black bold.
Table 2.
Isolates and GenBank accession numbers used in the genus Dothiorella.
| Species | Isolates | GenBank Accession Number | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ITS | tef1 | tub2 | ||
| Dothiorella acacicola | CPC 26349 * | NR_145255 | KX228376 | NA |
| Dothiorella acericola | KUMCC 18-0137 | MK359449 | MK361182 | NA |
| Dothiorella acericola | CFCC 71537 | PV264855 | PV268112 | PV339819 |
| Dothiorella acericola | N593 | PV264856 | PV268113 | PV339820 |
| Dothiorella albiziae | MFLUCC 22-0057 * | ON751762 | ON799588 | ON799590 |
| Dothiorella albiziae | MFLU 22-0093 | ON707683 | NA | ON677453 |
| Dothiorella alpina | CGMCC 3.18001 | KX499645 | KX499651 | NA |
| Dothiorella americana | UCD2272MO * | HQ288219 | HQ288263 | HQ288298 |
| Dothiorella americana | UCD2252MO | HQ288218 | HQ288262 | HQ288297 |
| Dothiorella brevicollis | CMW 36463 * | NR_111703 | JQ239390 | JQ239371 |
| Dothiorella camelliae | UESTCC 22.0080 | OQ190530 | NA | OQ275063 |
| Dothiorella camelliae | UESTCC 22.0079 | OQ190532 | OQ241465 | OQ275065 |
| Dothiorella camelliae | UESTCC 22.0078 | OQ190533 | OQ241466 | OQ275066 |
| Dothiorella camelliae | CGMCC 3.24158 | OQ190531 | OQ241464 | OQ275064 |
| Dothiorella capri-amiss | CBS 121763 | EU101323 | EU101368 | KX464850 |
| Dothiorella casuarini | CBS 120688 | DQ846773 | DQ875331 | NA |
| Dothiorella chiangmaiensis | YW177 | NA | NA | NA |
| Dothiorella citricola | ICMP16828 | EU673323 | EU673290 | EU673145 |
| Dothiorella diospyricola | CBS 145972 | MT587398 | MT592110 | MT592581 |
| Dothiorella dulcispinae | CMW 36460 | JQ239400 | JQ239387 | JQ239373 |
| Dothiorella dulcispinae | CMW 25407 * | EU101300 | MT592120 | KX464862 |
| Dothiorella guttulata | MFLUCC 17-0242 * | KY797637 | NA | NA |
| Dothiorella heterophyllae | CMW 46458 * | MN103794 | MH548348 | MH548324 |
| Dothiorella iberica | CBS 115041 * | AY573202 | AY573222 | EU673096 |
| Dothiorella iberica | CBS 113189 | AY573199 | AY573230 | KX464855 |
| Dothiorella iranica | IRAN1587C | KC898231 | KC898214 | NA |
| Dothiorella italica | MFLUCC 17-0951 * | MG828897 | MG829267 | MT592592 |
| Dothiorella juglandis | CBS 188.87 | EU673316 | EU673283 | EU673119 |
| Dothiorella koae | CMW 48017 * | MH447652 | MH548338 | MH548327 |
| Dothiorella lampangensis | MFLUCC 18-0232 | MK347758 | MK340869 | MK412874 |
| Dothiorella longicollis | CBS 122068 | EU144054 | EU144069 | NA |
| Dothiorella magnoliae | CFCC 51563 * | KY111247 | KY213686 | NA |
| Dothiorella magnoliae | CFCC 71215 | PV264857 | NA | PV339821 |
| Dothiorella mangifericola | CBS 121760 * | EU101290 | EU101335 | KX464877 |
| Dothiorella mangifericola | IRAN1584C | KC898221 | KC898204 | NA |
| Dothiorella moneti | MUCC505 * | EF591920 | EF591971 | EF591954 |
| Dothiorella obovata | MFLUCC 22-0058 * | ON751763 | ON799589 | ON799591 |
| Dothiorella obovata | MFLU 22-0094 | ON707682 | NA | ON677452 |
| Dothiorella omnivora | CBS 140349 * | KP205497 | KP205470 | NA |
| Dothiorella parva | CBS 124720 * | KC898234 | KC898217 | KX464866 |
| Dothiorella parva | CBS 124721 | KX464123 | KX464615 | KX464867 |
| Dothiorella plurivora | IRAN1557C | KC898225 | KC898208 | NA |
| Dothiorella pretoriensis | CMW 36480 * | JQ239405 | JQ239392 | JQ239376 |
| Dothiorella prunicola | CAP187 | EU673313 | EU673280 | EU673100 |
| Dothiorella rhamni | MFLUCC 14-0902 * | KT240287 | MT592111 | MT592582 |
| Dothiorella santali | MUCC 509 * | EF591924 | EF591975 | EF591958 |
| Dothiorella sarmentorum | CBS 115038 | AY573206 | AY573223 | EU673101 |
| Dothiorella sarmentorum | IMI 63581b * | AY573212 | AY573235 | NA |
| Dothiorella sarmentorum | UESTCC 22.0076 | OQ190534 | NA | OQ275067 |
| Dothiorella sarmentorum | UESTCC 22.0077 | OQ190535 | OQ241467 | OQ275068 |
| Dothiorella sempervirentis | IRAN1581C | KC898237 | KC898219 | KX464885 |
| Dothiorella sempervirentis | IRAN1583C | KC898236 | KC898220 | KX464884 |
| Dothiorella striata | ICMP 16819 | EU673320 | EU673287 | EU673142 |
| Dothiorella striata | DAR80992 * | KJ573643 | KJ573640 | NA |
| Dothiorella symphoricarposicola | MFLUCC 13-0498 | KJ742379 | KJ742382 | NA |
| Dothiorella symphoricarposicola | MFLUCC 13-0497 * | KJ742378 | KJ742381 | NA |
| Dothiorella tectonae | MFLUCC12-0382 | KM396899 | KM409637 | KM510357 |
| Dothiorella thailandica | MFLUCC 11-0438 * | NR_111794 | JX646861 | JX646844 |
| Dothiorella thripsita | BRIP 51876 | KJ573642 | KJ573639 | KJ577550 |
| Dothiorella uruguayensis | CBS 124908 * | NR_156208 | KX464886 | |
| Dothiorella vidmadera | DAR 78992 * | EU768874 | EU768881 | HM800522 |
| Dothiorella vidmadera | CBS 621.74 | KX464129 | KX464621 | KX464887 |
| Dothiorella vidmadera | CBS 725.79 | KX464130 | KX464622 | KX464888 |
| Dothiorella vidmadera | CFCC 71191 | PV264858 | PV268114 | PV339822 |
| Dothiorella vidmadera | N282 | PV264859 | PV268115 | PV339823 |
| Dothiorella vinea-gemmae | B116-3 * | KJ573644 | KJ573641 | KJ577552 |
| Dothiorella viticola | WA10NO01 * | HM009376 | HM800511 | HM800519 |
| Dothiorella viticola | WA10NO02 | HM009377 | HM800512 | HM800520 |
| Dothiorella viticola | IRNBS28 | MN634039 | MN633993 | NA |
| Dothiorella viticola | MFLUCC 22-0059 | ON707685 | ON720571 | ON677455 |
| Dothiorella yunnana comb. nov. | CGMCC 3.18000 * | KX499644 | KX499650 | NA |
| Dothiorella yunnana comb. nov. | CFCC 71177 | PV264860 | NA | PV339824 |
| Dothiorella zanthoxyli | UESTCC 22.0083 | OQ190537 | OQ241469 | OQ275070 |
| Dothiorella zanthoxyli | UESTCC 22.0084 | OQ190538 | OQ241470 | OQ275071 |
| Dothiorella zanthoxyli | CGMCC 3.24159 * | OQ190536 | OQ241468 | OQ275069 |
| Dothiorella zanthoxyli | N280 | PV264861 | NA | PV339825 |
| Dothiorella zanthoxyli | N280B | PV264862 | NA | PV339826 |
| Neofusicoccum luteum | CBS 562.92 * | KX464170 | KX464690 | KX464968 |
| Neofusicoccum luteum | CMW 41365 | NR_147360 | KP860702 | KP860779 |
Note: NA, not applicable. Ex-type strains are marked with *, and strains from present study are in black bold.
Table 3.
Isolates and GenBank accession numbers used in the genus Phaeobotryon.
| Species | Isolates | GenBank Accession Number | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LSU | ITS | tef1 | ||
| Alanphillipsia euphorbia | CBS 136411 * | KF777196 | KF777140 | MT592029 |
| Phaeobotryon aplospora | CFCC 53774 | MN215871 | MN215836 | MN205996 |
| Phaeobotryon aplospora | CFCC 53775 * | MN215872 | MN215837 | NA |
| Phaeobotryon aplospora | CFCC 53776 | MN215873 | MN215838 | MN205997 |
| Phaeobotryon caraganae | NEFU817 | NA | MH014076 | MH036714 |
| Phaeobotryon caraganae | NEFU816 | NA | MF193891 | MF509765 |
| Phaeobotryon cupressi | IRAN 1455C * | KX464539 | FJ919672 | FJ919661 |
| Phaeobotryon cupressi | IRAN 1454C | KX464538 | FJ919673 | FJ919662 |
| Phaeobotryon cupressi | IRAN 1445C | NA | KF766208 | KF766428 |
| Phaeobotryon fraxini | CFCC 70762 * | PP177348 | PP188527 | NA |
| Phaeobotryon fraxini | CFCC 70763 | PP177349 | PP188528 | NA |
| Phaeobotryon juniperi | JU 001 * | OP941644 | OP941637 | OP948218 |
| Phaeobotryon juniperi | JU 005 | OP941645 | OP941638 | OP948219 |
| Phaeobotryon laricinum | CFCC 70804 | PP960198 | PP960188 | PQ046941 |
| Phaeobotryon laricinum | CFCC 70805 * | PP960199 | PP960189 | PQ046942 |
| Phaeobotryon laricinum | CFCC 70806 | PP960200 | PP960190 | PQ046943 |
| Phaeobotryon longiparaphysium | CFCC 70807 * | PP960203 | PP960193 | PQ046946 |
| Phaeobotryon longiparaphysium | CFCC 70808 | PP960204 | PP960194 | PQ046947 |
| Phaeobotryon mali | XJAU 293001 | MW367101 | MW326854 | MW509519 |
| Phaeobotryon mali | XJAU 277201 | MW367094 | MW326853 | MW509520 |
| Phaeobotryon mali | XJAU 278201 | MW367092 | MW326852 | MW509516 |
| Phaeobotryon mali | XJAU 309401 | MW367100 | MW326858 | MW509517 |
| Phaeobotryon mali | XJAU 310001 | MW367093 | MW326878 | MW509518 |
| Phaeobotryon mamane | CPC 12442 | DQ377899 | EU673333 | EU673299 |
| Phaeobotryon mamane | CPC 12440 * | EU673248 | KF766209 | EU673298 |
| Phaeobotryon mamane | CPC 12443 | EU673249 | EU673334 | EU673300 |
| Phaeobotryon negundinis | CAA 797 | KU820971 | KX061513 | KX061507 |
| Phaeobotryon negundinis | CAA 798 | NG_069332 | KX061514 | KX061508 |
| Phaeobotryon platycladi | CFCC 58799 * | OQ652543 | OQ651172 | OQ692930 |
| Phaeobotryon platycladi | CFCC 58800 | OQ652544 | OQ651173 | OQ692931 |
| Phaeobotryon rhoinum | CFCC 52449 | MH133940 | MH133923 | MH133957 |
| Phaeobotryon rhoinum | CFCC 52450 * | MH133941 | MH133924 | MH133958 |
| Phaeobotryon rhoinum | CFCC 52451 | MH133942 | MH133925 | MH133959 |
| Phaeobotryon rhoinum | XJAU 146801 | MW367102 | MW326857 | MW509522 |
| Phaeobotryon rhoinum | XJAU 276401 | MW367095 | MW326855 | MW509524 |
| Phaeobotryon rhoinum | XJAU 304901 | MW367096 | MW326856 | MW509523 |
| Phaeobotryon rhoinum | XJAU 316801 | MW367097 | MW326877 | MW509521 |
| Phaeobotryon rhois | CFCC 89662 * | KM030591 | KM030584 | KM030598 |
| Phaeobotryon rhois | CFCC 89663 | KM030592 | KM030585 | KM030599 |
| Phaeobotryon spiraeae | CFCC 53925 * | OM049432 | OM049420 | NA |
| Phaeobotryon spiraeae | CFCC 53926 | OM049433 | OM049421 | NA |
| Phaeobotryon ulmi | CBS 138854 * | MT587321 | MT587540 | MT592274 |
| Phaeobotryon ulmi | CBS 123.30 | DQ377861 | KX464232 | KX464766 |
| Phaeobotryon xizangense sp. nov. | CFCC 71501 * | PV264865 | PV264863 | PV268116 |
| Phaeobotryon xizangense sp. nov. | LZ204 * | PV264866 | PV264864 | PV268117 |
| Oblongocollomyces variabilis | CBS 121774 * | KX464536 | NR_136994 | EU101357 |
Note: NA, not applicable. Ex-type strains are marked with *, and strains from present study are in black bold.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Zhou, J.; Li, A.; Jiang, N. Morphology and Phylogeny Reveal New Species and Records of Diplodia, Dothiorella, and Phaeobotryon Associated with Tree Cankers in Xizang, China. J. Fungi 2025, 11, 331. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050331
AMA Style
Zhou J, Li A, Jiang N. Morphology and Phylogeny Reveal New Species and Records of Diplodia, Dothiorella, and Phaeobotryon Associated with Tree Cankers in Xizang, China. Journal of Fungi. 2025; 11(5):331. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050331
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Jia, Aining Li, and Ning Jiang. 2025. "Morphology and Phylogeny Reveal New Species and Records of Diplodia, Dothiorella, and Phaeobotryon Associated with Tree Cankers in Xizang, China" Journal of Fungi 11, no. 5: 331. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050331
APA StyleZhou, J., Li, A., & Jiang, N. (2025). Morphology and Phylogeny Reveal New Species and Records of Diplodia, Dothiorella, and Phaeobotryon Associated with Tree Cankers in Xizang, China. Journal of Fungi, 11(5), 331. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050331
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