Genotype, but Not Climate, Affects the Resistance of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) to Viral Infections and to the Mite Varroa destructor
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples and Locations
2.2. Sample Analyses
2.3. Prevalence and Intensity of Varroa destructor Parasitism
2.4. Prevalence and Intensity of Nosema spp. Infection
2.5. Viral Diagnosis
2.6. Viral Quantification
2.7. Mitotype of the Samples
2.8. Morphotype of the Samples
2.9. Genotype of the Samples
2.10. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Mitotype and Morphotype on Pathogen Prevalence
3.2. Effect of Mitotype and Morphotype on Parasitism or Infection Intensity
3.3. Effect of Climate on Genotype and Parasitism or Infection Intensity
3.4. Relationships between Honey Bee Type, Climate, and Parasitism or Infection Intensity
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pathogen | N | % MitA | % MitE | p | % MorA | % MorE | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V. Brood | 334 | 76.7 | 84.2 | 0.09 | 75.0 | 88.0 | 0.003 * |
V. Adults | 334 | 93.8 | 97.5 | 0.11 | 93.9 | 98.4 | 0.048 * |
N. ceranae | 55 | 13.6 | 18.4 | 0.29 | 16.5 | 15.8 | 0.88 |
DWV | 76 | 30.5 | 45.0 | 0.24 | 32.6 | 48.2 | 0.22 |
BQCV | 76 | 55.5 | 72.5 | 0.15 | 61.2 | 70.4 | 0.46 |
Correlated Variables | N | r | p |
---|---|---|---|
W. L.—V. d. brood | 339 | 0.32 | <0.001 |
W. L.—V. d. adults | 339 | 0.27 | <0.001 |
W. L.—DWV | 76 | 0.39 | <0.01 |
Masl—V. d. brood | 339 | 0.14 | <0.01 |
Masl—W. L. V. d.brood—DWV V. d.adults—DWV | 339 76 76 | 0.51 0.92 0.71 | <0.01 <0.01 <0.05 |
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Ramos-Cuellar, A.K.; De la Mora, A.; Contreras-Escareño, F.; Morfin, N.; Tapia-González, J.M.; Macías-Macías, J.O.; Petukhova, T.; Correa-Benítez, A.; Guzman-Novoa, E. Genotype, but Not Climate, Affects the Resistance of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) to Viral Infections and to the Mite Varroa destructor. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 358. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9070358
Ramos-Cuellar AK, De la Mora A, Contreras-Escareño F, Morfin N, Tapia-González JM, Macías-Macías JO, Petukhova T, Correa-Benítez A, Guzman-Novoa E. Genotype, but Not Climate, Affects the Resistance of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) to Viral Infections and to the Mite Varroa destructor. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(7):358. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9070358
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamos-Cuellar, Ana K., Alvaro De la Mora, Francisca Contreras-Escareño, Nuria Morfin, José M. Tapia-González, José O. Macías-Macías, Tatiana Petukhova, Adriana Correa-Benítez, and Ernesto Guzman-Novoa. 2022. "Genotype, but Not Climate, Affects the Resistance of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) to Viral Infections and to the Mite Varroa destructor" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 7: 358. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9070358