Green Veterinary Pharmacology for Honey Bee Welfare and Health: Origanum heracleoticum L. (Lamiaceae) Essential Oil for the Control of the Apis mellifera Varroatosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Extraction Technique
2.2. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analyses
2.3. Acute Toxicity towards the Mites
2.4. Fumigant Toxicity towards the Mites
2.5. Repellent Effect of the EO towards the Mites
2.6. Honey Bee Workers: Toxicity Evaluation
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Phytochemical Profile
3.2. Acute Toxicity
3.3. Fumigant Toxicity
3.4. Repellent Activity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Rt (a) | RAP (b) |
---|---|---|
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | ||
Thujene | 6.337 | 1.2 |
α-Pinene | 6.580 | 0.8 |
Sabinene | 7.483 | 3.8 |
β-pinene | 7.557 | 0.6 |
Myrcene | 7.803 | 2.0 |
α-Phellandrene | 8.117 | 0.2 |
3-Carene | 8.215 | Tr (c) |
Terpinolene | 8.300 | Tr |
4-Carene | 8.449 | 1.4 |
β-Ocimene | 8.735 | 2.2 |
Limonene | 8.803 | 0.2 |
α-Ocimene | 8.883 | 5.7 |
γ-terpinene | 9.089 | 0.4 |
α-Fenchene | 9.558 | 0.4 |
1,5,8-p-Menthatriene | 10.209 | 0.2 |
Oxygenated monoterpenes | ||
Linalool | 9.752 | 10.0 |
Eucalyptol | 8.632 | 3.7 |
4-Thujanol | 9.300 | 0.2 |
Terpinyl acetate | 10.918 | 0.4 |
Linalool propionate | 11.107 | 6.6 |
Methylthymol | 11.621 | 0.5 |
Linalyl Acetate | 12.010 | 17.6 |
Neryl acetate | 13.078 | 0.4 |
Geranyl acetate | 13.278 | 0.7 |
Sesquiterpenes | ||
Copaene | 13.341 | Tr |
Bourbonene | 13.427 | 0.7 |
β-Caryophyllene | 13.678 | Tr |
β-Selinene | 14.164 | 0.6 |
α-caryophyllene | 14.187 | 0.7 |
Alloaromadendrene | 14.239 | 0.2 |
γ-cadinene | 14.353 | Tr |
Calarene | 14.410 | Tr |
β-Cubebene | 14.439 | Tr |
Bicyclosesquiphellandrene | 14.456 | 3.6 |
β-Bisabolene | 14.627 | 1.8 |
Farnesene | 14.656 | Tr |
δ-Cadinene | 14.810 | 0.3 |
Concentration (mg/mL) | Oregano (O. heracleoticum) | Acetone (− control) | Amitraz (+ control) |
---|---|---|---|
0.125 | 54 ± 31.3 | 3.16 ± 7.5 | 45.7 ± 9.8 |
0.25 | 58 ± 33.3 | 52 ± 11 | |
0.5 | 68 ± 32.9 | 51.4 ± 22.7 | |
1 | 80 ± 26.7 | 63.3 ± 26.6 | |
2 | 90.9 ± 10.4 | 90 ± 16.7 |
Fumigation | 15 min | 30 min | 45 min | 90 min |
---|---|---|---|---|
O. heracleoticum EO | 12 ± 11 | 32 ± 11 | 72 ± 11 | 84 ± 16.7 |
Oil | Wax + Oil | Pure Wax | Centre of the Tube | χ2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
O. heracleoticum EO | 35% | 45% | 20% | 0.42 p: 0.5186 |
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Castagna, F.; Bava, R.; Piras, C.; Carresi, C.; Musolino, V.; Lupia, C.; Marrelli, M.; Conforti, F.; Palma, E.; Britti, D.; et al. Green Veterinary Pharmacology for Honey Bee Welfare and Health: Origanum heracleoticum L. (Lamiaceae) Essential Oil for the Control of the Apis mellifera Varroatosis. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9030124
Castagna F, Bava R, Piras C, Carresi C, Musolino V, Lupia C, Marrelli M, Conforti F, Palma E, Britti D, et al. Green Veterinary Pharmacology for Honey Bee Welfare and Health: Origanum heracleoticum L. (Lamiaceae) Essential Oil for the Control of the Apis mellifera Varroatosis. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(3):124. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9030124
Chicago/Turabian StyleCastagna, Fabio, Roberto Bava, Cristian Piras, Cristina Carresi, Vincenzo Musolino, Carmine Lupia, Mariangela Marrelli, Filomena Conforti, Ernesto Palma, Domenico Britti, and et al. 2022. "Green Veterinary Pharmacology for Honey Bee Welfare and Health: Origanum heracleoticum L. (Lamiaceae) Essential Oil for the Control of the Apis mellifera Varroatosis" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 3: 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9030124