Gastrointestinal Parasites of Domestic Mammalian Hosts in Southeastern Iran
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Size Estimation
2.3. Sample Collection
2.4. Coprological Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Parasitological Findings
3.2. Risk Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Giardia duodenalis | Entamoeba spp. | Eimeria spp. | Helminths | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Host | Variable | Pos./Total | % | Pos./Total | % | Pos./Total | % | Pos./Total | % |
Cattle | ≤1 yr. | 0/33 | 0.0 | 23/33 | 69.7 | 5/33 | 15.2 | 7/33 | 21.2 |
>1 yr. | 0/55 | 0.0 | 41/55 | 74.5 | 7/55 | 12.7 | 10/55 | 18.2 | |
Male | 0/21 | 0.0 | 13/21 | 61.9 | 7/21 | 33.3 | 5/21 | 23.8 | |
Female | 0/67 | 0.0 | 51//67 | 76.1 | 5/67 | 7.5 | 12/67 | 17.9 | |
Sub-total | 0/88 | 0.0 | 64/88 | 72.8 | 12/88 | 13.6 1 | 17/88 | 19.3 2 | |
Sheep | ≤1 yr. | 1/24 | 4.2 | 1/24 | 4.2 | 17/24 | 70.8 | 6/24 | 25.0 |
>1 yr. | 1/26 | 3.8 | 2/26 | 7.7 | 9/26 | 34.6 | 15/26 | 57.7 | |
Male | 2/17 | 11.7 | 0/17 | 0.0 | 11/17 | 64.7 | 5/17 | 29.4 | |
Female | 0/33 | 0.0 | 3/33 | 9.1 | 15/33 | 45.4 | 16/33 | 48.4 | |
Sub-total | 2/50 | 4.0 | 3/50 | 6.0 | 26/50 | 52.0 3 | 21/50 | 42.0 4 | |
Goat | ≤1 yr. | 1/12 | 8.3 | 1/12 | 8.3 | 9/12 | 75.0 | 2/12 | 16.6 |
>1 yr. | 0/11 | 0.0 | 0/11 | 0.0 | 9/11 | 81.8 | 5/11 | 45.5 | |
Male | 1/8 | 12.5 | 1/8 | 12.5 | 7/8 | 87.5 | 2/8 | 25.0 | |
Female | 0/15 | 0.0 | 0/15 | 0.0 | 11/15 | 73.3 | 5/15 | 33.3 | |
Sub-total | 1/23 | 4.3 | 1/23 | 4.3 | 18/23 | 78.2 5 | 7/23 | 30.4 6 | |
Camel | ≤1 yr. | 0/5 | 0.0 | 0/5 | 0.0 | 2/5 | 40.0 | 1/5 | 20.0 |
>1 yr. | 0/25 | 0.0 | 0/25 | 0.0 | 2/25 | 8.0 | 10/25 | 40.0 | |
Male | 0/7 | 0.0 | 0/7 | 0.0 | 1/7 | 14.3 | 3/7 | 42.8 | |
Female | 0/23 | 0.0 | 0/23 | 0.0 | 3/23 | 13.0 | 8/23 | 34.8 | |
Sub-total | 0/30 | 0.0 | 0/30 | 0.0 | 4/30 | 13.3 7 | 11/30 | 36.6 8 | |
Donkey | ≤1 yr. | 0/1 | 0.0 | 0/1 | 0.0 | 0/1 | 0.0 | 1/1 | 100 |
>1 yr. | 0/4 | 0.0 | 0/4 | 0.0 | 0/4 | 0.0 | 3/4 | 75.0 | |
Male | 0/1 | 0.0 | 0/1 | 0.0 | 0/1 | 0.0 | 1/1 | 100 | |
Female | 0/4 | 0.0 | 0/4 | 0.0 | 0/4 | 0.0 | 3/4 | 75.0 | |
Sub-total | 0/5 | 0.0 | 0/5 | 0.0 | 0/5 | 0.0 | 4/5 | 80.0 9 | |
Dog | ≤1 yr. | 0/1 | 0.0 | 0/1 | 0.0 | 0/1 | 0.0 | 1/1 | 100 |
>1 yr. | 0/2 | 0.0 | 0/2 | 0.0 | 0/2 | 0.0 | 2/2 | 100 | |
Male | 0/2 | 0.0 | 0/2 | 0.0 | 0/2 | 0.0 | 2/2 | 100 | |
Female | 0/0 | 0.0 | 0/0 | 0.0 | 0/0 | 0.0 | 1/1 | 100 | |
Sub-total | 0/3 | 0.0 | 0/3 | 0.0 | 0/3 | 0.0 | 3/3 | 100 10 |
Cattle (n = 88) | Sheep (n = 50) | Goat (n = 23) | Camel (n = 30) | Donkey (n = 5) | Dog (n = 3) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protozoa | ||||||
Eimeria spp. | 13.6 (7.2–22.6) | 52.0 (37.4–66.3) | 78.2 (56.3–92.5) | 13.3 (3.7–30.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Entamoeba spp. | 72.8 (62.2–81.7) | 6.0 (1.2–16.5) | 4.3 (0.1–21.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Giardia duodenalis | 0 (0.0) | 4.0 (0.5–13.7) | 4.3 (0.1–21.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Helminths | ||||||
Amphistomes | 2.3 (0.2–7.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Moniezia expansa | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3.3 (0.1–17.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Strongyles spp. | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 80 (28.3–99.4) | 0 (0.0) |
Taenia spp. | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 100 (29.2–100) |
Trichostrongyles spp. | 15.9 (8.9–25.2) | 36 (22.9–50.8) | 17.3 (4.9–38.7) | 23.3 (9.9–42.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Trichuris spp. | 1.1 (0.1–6.1) | 6.0 (1.2–16.5) | 13 (2.7–33.6) | 10 (2.1–26.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Protozoa | Helminths | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Total (n) | Infected (n) | % | OR | 95% CI | Total (n) | Infected (n) | % | OR | 95% CI |
Cattle (n = 88) | ||||||||||
≤1 yr. | 33 | 26 | 78.8 | 1.0 | Reference | 33 | 7 | 21.2 | 1.2 | 0.34–4.02 |
>1 yr. | 55 | 46 | 83.6 | 1.4 | 0.38–4.69 | 55 | 10 | 18.2 | 1.0 | Reference |
Male | 21 | 19 | 90.5 | 2.5 | 0.49–24.57 | 21 | 5 | 23.8 | 1.4 | 0.34–5.21 |
Female | 67 | 53 | 79.1 | 1.0 | Reference | 67 | 12 | 17.9 | 1.0 | Reference |
Sheep (n = 50) | ||||||||||
≤1 yr. | 24 | 18 | 75.0 | 3.5 | 1.05–11.66 | 24 | 6 | 25.0 | 1.0 | Reference |
>1 yr. | 26 | 12 | 46.2 | 1.0 | Reference | 26 | 15 | 57.7 | 4.1 | 1.06–16.59 |
Male | 17 | 13 | 76.5 | 3.1 | 0.72–15.29 | 17 | 5 | 29.4 | 1.0 | Reference |
Female | 33 | 17 | 51.5 | 1.0 | Reference | 33 | 16 | 48.4 | 2.3 | 0.56–9.96 |
Goat (n = 23) | ||||||||||
≤1 yr. | 12 | 9 | 75.0 | 1.0 | Reference | 12 | 2 | 8.3 | 1.0 | Reference |
>1 yr. | 11 | 9 | 81.8 | 1.5 | 0.13–21.71 | 11 | 5 | 45.5 | 4.2 | 0.45–53.54 |
Male | 8 | 7 | 87.5 | 2.5 | 0.23–27.71 | 8 | 2 | 12.5 | 1.0 | Reference |
Female | 15 | 11 | 73.3 | 1.0 | Reference | 15 | 5 | 33.3 | 1.5 | 0.16–20.18 |
Camel (n = 30) | ||||||||||
≤1 yr. | 5 | 2 | 40.0 | 7.7 | 0.77–76.45 | 5 | 1 | 20.0 | 1.0 | Reference |
>1 yr. | 25 | 2 | 8.0 | 1.0 | Reference | 25 | 10 | 40.0 | 2.7 | 0.26–27.49 |
Male | 7 | 1 | 14.3 | 1.1 | 0.02–17.15 | 7 | 3 | 42.8 | 1.4 | 0.16–10.64 |
Female | 23 | 3 | 13.0 | 1.0 | Reference | 23 | 8 | 34.8 | 1.0 | Reference |
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Hatam-Nahavandi, K.; Carmena, D.; Rezaeian, M.; Mirjalali, H.; Rahimi, H.M.; Badri, M.; Vafae Eslahi, A.; Shahrivar, F.F.; Rodrigues Oliveira, S.M.; Pereira, M.d.L.; et al. Gastrointestinal Parasites of Domestic Mammalian Hosts in Southeastern Iran. Vet. Sci. 2023, 10, 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10040261
Hatam-Nahavandi K, Carmena D, Rezaeian M, Mirjalali H, Rahimi HM, Badri M, Vafae Eslahi A, Shahrivar FF, Rodrigues Oliveira SM, Pereira MdL, et al. Gastrointestinal Parasites of Domestic Mammalian Hosts in Southeastern Iran. Veterinary Sciences. 2023; 10(4):261. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10040261
Chicago/Turabian StyleHatam-Nahavandi, Kareem, David Carmena, Mostafa Rezaeian, Hamed Mirjalali, Hanieh Mohammad Rahimi, Milad Badri, Aida Vafae Eslahi, Farzaneh Faraji Shahrivar, Sonia M. Rodrigues Oliveira, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, and et al. 2023. "Gastrointestinal Parasites of Domestic Mammalian Hosts in Southeastern Iran" Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 4: 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10040261