Do Calving-Related Injuries of the Vestibulum Vaginae and the Vagina Affect the Reproductive Performance in Primiparous Dairy Cows?
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Occurrence of Injuries of the Vestibulum Vaginae and the Vagina
3.2. Healing Process of Injuries of the Vestibulum Vaginae
3.3. Calving Ease
3.4. Association between Injuries of the Soft Birth Canal and Infections of the Uterus
3.4.1. Occurrence of Metritis at Day 10 p.p.
3.4.2. Occurrence of Endometritis
3.5. Reproductive Performance
3.6. Association between Infections of the Uterus and Reproductive Performance
4. Discussion
4.1. Injuries of the Vestibulum Vaginae and the Vagina
4.2. Healing Process of Injuries of the Vestibulum Vaginae
4.3. Calving Ease
4.4. Association between Injuries of the Soft Birth Canal and Infections of the Uterus
4.5. Association between Injuries of the Soft Birth Canal and the Reproductive Performance
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Degree of Injuries | n | % |
---|---|---|
No injuries (0) | 29 | 12.3 |
Vestibulum 1 + Vagina 0 | 69 | 29.3 |
Vestibulum 2 + Vagina 0 | 4 | 1.7 |
Vestibulum 0 + Vagina 1 | 13 | 5.5 |
Vestibulum 0 + Vagina 2 | 11 | 4.7 |
Vestibulum 1 + Vagina 1 | 30 | 12.7 |
Vestibulum 1 + Vagina 2 | 62 | 26.3 |
Vestibulum 2 + Vagina 1 | 4 | 1.7 |
Vestibulum 2 + Vagina 2 | 14 | 5.9 |
Total | 236 | 100.1 * |
Injuries of the Vestibulum Vaginae | ||
---|---|---|
Healing Completed | Degree 1 (n) | Degree 2 (n) |
Day 10 postpartum (%) Day 21 postpartum (%) Day 42 postpartum (%) | 19.2 (31) 77.8 (125) a 2.9 (5) a | 4.5 (1) 40.9 (9) b 54.5 (12) b |
Total (183) | 161 | 22 |
Calving Ease | No Injuries (n) | Mild Injuries (n) | Severe Injuries (n) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Score 1 (%) Score 2 (%) Score 3 (%) | 18.9 (14) 16.7 (15) 0.0 (0) | 67.6 (50) 52.2 (47) 20.8 (15) | 13.5 (10) 31.1 (28) 79.2 (57) | <0.001 |
Total (236) | 29 | 112 | 95 |
No Injuries (n) | Mild Injuries (n) | Severe Injuries (n) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No metritis (%) Metritis at day 10 p.p. (%) | 51.7 (15) 48.3 (14) | 41.4 (46) 58.6 (65) | 27.8 (25) 72.2 (65) | 0.0321 |
Total (230) | 29 | 111 | 90 |
No Injuries (n) | Mild Injuries (n) | Severe Injuries (n) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No endometritis at day 21 p.p. (%) Endometritis at day 21 p.p. (%) | 74.1 (20) 25.9 (7) | 69.7 (76) 30.3 (33) | 40.5 (36) 59.6 (53) | <0.0001 |
Total (225) | 27 | 109 | 89 |
Fertility Measures | No Injuries (SD) | Injuries (SD) | Target 1 |
---|---|---|---|
n = 19 | n = 141 | ||
Mean interval from calving to first insemination (d) | 93.7 (±19.1) | 97.3 (±25.7) | ≤85–90 |
Mean days open (d) | 111.7 (±38.3) | 116.7 (±38.1) | ≤115 |
Mean interval from first insemination to conception (d) | 26.3 (±33.2) | 22.4 (±28.9) | ≤18 |
Mean calving interval (d) | 391.7 (±38.3) | 396.7 (±38.1) | ≤400 |
Mean pregnancy index | 1.8 (±0.8) | 1.8 (±0.8) | ≤1.7 |
Percentage of animals pregnant at 200 days p.p. (%) | 52.6 | 67.6 | ≥90 |
First service conception rate (%) | 22.2 | 33.9 | ≥50 |
Fertility Measures | No Metritis at Day 10 p.p. (SD) n = 63 | Metritis at Day 10 p.p. (SD) n = 96 | No Endometritis at Day 21 p.p. (SD) n = 101 | Endometritis at Day 21 p.p. (SD) n = 58 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean interval from calving to first insemination (d) | 96.4 (±24.1) | 99.3 (±25.4) | 97.2 (±23.8) | 99.7 (±26.7) |
Mean days open (d) | 109.0 (±34.3) | 118.3 (±41.0) | 114.8 (±39.9) | 114.1 (±36.6) |
Mean interval from first insemination to conception (d) | 18.4 (±23.4) | 24.3 (±33.4) | 22.7 (±29.7) | 20.5 (±30.1) |
Mean calving interval (d) | 389.0 (±34.3) | 400.0 (±41.6) | 396.7 (±40.7) | 394.2 (±36.6) |
Mean pregnancy index | 1.6 (±0.6) | 1.7 (±1.1) | 1.6 (±0.7) | 1.8 (±1.2) |
% animals pregnant at 200 days p.p. (%) | 66.7 | 63.5 | 63.4 | 67.2 |
First service conception rate (%) | 32.8 | 37.9 | 31.6 | 44.7 |
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Marien, H.; Gundling, N.; Hasseler, W.; Feldmann, M.; Herzog, K.; Hoedemaker, M. Do Calving-Related Injuries of the Vestibulum Vaginae and the Vagina Affect the Reproductive Performance in Primiparous Dairy Cows? Vet. Sci. 2023, 10, 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010043
Marien H, Gundling N, Hasseler W, Feldmann M, Herzog K, Hoedemaker M. Do Calving-Related Injuries of the Vestibulum Vaginae and the Vagina Affect the Reproductive Performance in Primiparous Dairy Cows? Veterinary Sciences. 2023; 10(1):43. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010043
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarien, Helena, Natascha Gundling, Wolfgang Hasseler, Maren Feldmann, Kathrin Herzog, and Martina Hoedemaker. 2023. "Do Calving-Related Injuries of the Vestibulum Vaginae and the Vagina Affect the Reproductive Performance in Primiparous Dairy Cows?" Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 1: 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010043