High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Identification of Secondary Metabolites in Four Red Grape Varieties Potentially Useful as Traceability Markers of Wines
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples and Standards
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. UHPLC-Q/TOF Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Identification of the Metabolites
3.2. Potential Flavonoid Markers of the Wine Varieties
3.3. Monoterpene Glycosides (Aroma Precursors)
3.4. Other Metabolites
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Flavonols/Flavanones | p < 0.01 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Corvina | Primitivo | Negro Amaro | Raboso | |
dihydrokaempferol-rhamnoside | b | a | a | c |
dihydroquercetin-hexoside | a | c | ab | b |
dihydroquercetin-rhamnoside | b | a | a | a |
dimethylquercetin | a | b | a | c |
isorhamnetin | a | n.f. | a | b |
isorhamnetin-galactoside | a | b | c | a |
isorhamnetin-glucoside | b | c | a | a |
isorhamnetin-glucuronide | ab | ab | a | b |
kaempferol | ab | a | ab | b |
kaempferol-galactoside | a | b | ab | ab |
kaempferol-glucoside | a | b | a | a |
kaempferol-glucuronide | a | ab | ab | b |
laricitrin-glucoside | a | b | a | c |
laricitrin-glucuronide | a | c | b | ab |
methylnaringenin | a | a | a | b |
myricetin | a | b | c | d |
myricetin-diglucoside | a | b | b | a |
myricetin-glucoside | a | b | b | a |
myricetin-glucuronide | a | a | b | a |
quercetin | ab | b | c | ac |
quercetin-diglucoside | a | a | b | b |
quercetin-galactoside | a | b | c | ab |
quercetin-glucoside | ab | a | bc | c |
quercetin-glucuronide | a | b | a | c |
quercetin-pentoside | a | a | a | a |
rhamnetin-isomer | a | b | a | a |
rutin | a | a | a | a |
syringetin | a | ab | b | ab |
syringetin-glucoside | b | a | c | a |
tamarixetin | a | b | c | a |
taxifolin-pentoside | b | a | a | a |
tetrahydroxy-dimethoxyflavanone hexoside | b | a | a | c |
kaempferide-p-coumaroylhexoside | a | a | a | b |
isorhamnetin-p-coumaroylglucoside | a | a | b | c |
dihydrokaempferide-p-coumaroylhexoside | a | a | a | b |
Anthocyanins | p < 0.01 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Corvina | Primitivo | Negro Amaro | Raboso | |
Cy-acetylglucoside | a | a | a | b |
Cy-p-coumaroylglucoside | b | a | a | c |
Cy-glucoside | b | c | a | a |
Dp-acetylglucoside | a | a | a | b |
Dp-p-coumaroylglucoside | a | b | a | c |
Dp-glucoside | a | a | b | ab |
Mv-acetylglucoside | a | b | a | b |
Mv-caffeoylglucoside | a | b | a | a |
Mv-p-coumaroylglucoside | a | b | a | c |
Mv-glucoside | b | c | a | a |
Pn-acetylglucoside | a | a | a | b |
Pn-p-coumaroylglucoside | b | a | a | b |
Pn-glucoside | a | c | ab | b |
Pt-acetylglucoside | a | b | a | c |
Pt-p-coumaroylglucoside | a | b | a | c |
Pt-glucoside | a | ab | b | b |
Procyanidins | Normalized [M − H]− Signal Area | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corvina | Primitivo | Negro Amaro | Raboso | |||||
Mean | CV% | Mean | CV% | Mean | CV% | Mean | CV% | |
(−)-epicatechin | 1,687,850 | 19 | 851,612 | 12 | 1,784,264 | 17 | 1,294,547 | 25 |
(+)-catechin | 5,299,475 | 16 | 2,007,948 | 55 | 2,028,302 | 10 | 1,571,897 | 8 |
(−)-epigallocatechin | 446,924 | 1 | 653,619 | 17 | 442,091 | 4 | 448,730 | 14 |
(−)-epicatechin gallate | 984,163 | 24 | 445,224 | 25 | 729,303 | 21 | 51,256 | 14 |
procyanidin (B3/B4/B5) | 1,314,453 | 15 | 477,508 | 8 | 882,147 | 18 | 289,062 | 2 |
procyanidin B1 | 6,813,192 | 4 | 2,778,443 | 7 | 2,501,480 | 8 | 839,493 | 6 |
procyanidin B2 | 111,031 | 15 | n.f. | 55,704 | 26 | 95,472 | 22 | |
procyanidin T2/T3(T4)/C1 | 927,837 | 6 | 256,004 | 6 | 261,175 | 13 | 58,481 | 18 |
procyanidin T2/T3(T4)/C1 | 280,969 | 6 | 67,896 | 39 | 104,278 | 14 | 28,399 | 12 |
procyanidin T2/T3(T4)/C1 | 312,539 | 15 | 120,654 | 6 | 264,665 | 20 | 45,451 | 18 |
prodelphinidin T2/T3 | 134,478 | 10 | 51,808 | 26 | 89,307 | 9 | 41,249 | 17 |
Sum | 18,312,911 | (384%) | 7,710,716 | (162%) | 9,142,716 | (192%) | 4,764,039 | (100%) |
Monoterpene Glycosides | p < 0.01 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Corvina | Primitivo | Negro Amaro | Raboso | |
α-terpineol pentosyl-hexoside | n.f. | n.f. | a | b |
linalool pentosyl-hexoside | n.f. | n.f. | a | b |
geraniol pentosyl-hexoside | b | c | a | a |
Ho-diendiol I pentosyl-hexoside | b | c | a | a |
Ho-diendiol I rhamnosyl-hexoside | b | c | a | a |
trans/cis 8-hydroxylinalool pentosyl-hexoside | a | a | b | c |
trans/cis furan/pyran linalool oxide pentosyl-hexoside | a | a | b | n.f. |
3,7-dimethyl-1-octen-6-one-3,7-diol pentosyl-hexoside 1 | a | n.f. | a | b |
3,7-dimethyl-1-octen-6-one-3,7-diol pentosyl-hexoside 2 | a | a | a | b |
3,7-dimethyl-1-octen-6-one-3,7-diol rhamnosyl-hexoside 1 | a | a | b | c |
3,7-dimethyl-1-octen-6-one-3,7-diol rhamnosyl-hexoside 2 | b | a | c | a |
Stilbenes | Normalized [M − H]− Signal Area | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corvina | Primitivo | Negro Amaro | Raboso | |||||
Mean | CV% | Mean | CV% | Mean | CV% | Mean | CV% | |
trans-resveratrol | 283,900 | 53 | 22,549 | 17 | 59,096 | 10 | 807,651 | 15 |
piceatannol | 269,846 | 45 | 106,655 | 49 | 205,075 | 30 | 1,400,281 | 4 |
cis-piceid | 1,270,082 | 10 | 429,127 | 9 | 1,026,866 | 19 | 1,691,503 | 8 |
trans-piceid | 177,040 | 17 | 99,308 | 14 | 96,404 | 30 | 313,008 | 15 |
E-astringin | 67,013 | 15 | 47,798 | 10 | 68,551 | 9 | 44,347 | 10 |
Z-astringin | 34,428 | 15 | 29,354 | 41 | 38,666 | 25 | 45,557 | 15 |
pallidol | 246,754 | 8 | 71,397 | 30 | 42,236 | 26 | 172,312 | 18 |
resveratrol dimer 2 | 60,835 | 12 | 26,747 | 21 | 13,466 | 30 | 265,081 | 24 |
Z-ε-viniferin | 169,259 | 2 | 63,423 | 15 | 72,224 | 24 | 1,771,218 | 18 |
E-ε-viniferin | 187,388 | 10 | 110,183 | 13 | 68,958 | 4 | 990,456 | 14 |
Z-ω-viniferin | 66,891 | 3 | 40,938 | 14 | 28,140 | 18 | 703,006 | 29 |
δ-viniferin | 70,332 | 5 | 10,490 | 17 | 23,925 | 14 | 137,580 | 41 |
caraphenol | 22,200 | 25 | 11,504 | 23 | 4690 | 10 | 126,287 | 43 |
pallidol-3-O-glucoside | 33,095 | 12 | 29,203 | 9 | 14,455 | 12 | 91,436 | 11 |
α-viniferin | 7699 | 53 | 59,992 | 37 | 16,784 | 83 | 113,833 | 57 |
Z-miyabenol C | 25,288 | 4 | 18,977 | 17 | 11,579 | 21 | 342,147 | 23 |
E-miyabenol C | 62,101 | 25 | 118,412 | 24 | 39,757 | 24 | 1,256,874 | 35 |
tetramer resveratrol 1 | 60,484 | 65 | 11,364 | 50 | 8958 | 14 | 152,028 | 49 |
tetramer resveratrol 2 | 31,491 | 27 | 12,509 | 48 | 8728 | 25 | 1,129,196 | 18 |
Sum | 3,146,127 | (27%) | 1,319,930 | (11%) | 1,848,558 | (16%) | 11,553,801 | (100%) |
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Mayr, C.M.; De Rosso, M.; Dalla Vedova, A.; Flamini, R. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Identification of Secondary Metabolites in Four Red Grape Varieties Potentially Useful as Traceability Markers of Wines. Beverages 2018, 4, 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages4040074
Mayr CM, De Rosso M, Dalla Vedova A, Flamini R. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Identification of Secondary Metabolites in Four Red Grape Varieties Potentially Useful as Traceability Markers of Wines. Beverages. 2018; 4(4):74. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages4040074
Chicago/Turabian StyleMayr, Christine M., Mirko De Rosso, Antonio Dalla Vedova, and Riccardo Flamini. 2018. "High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Identification of Secondary Metabolites in Four Red Grape Varieties Potentially Useful as Traceability Markers of Wines" Beverages 4, no. 4: 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages4040074