Antagonistic Toxic Effects of Surfactants Mixtures to Bacteria Pseudomonas putida and Marine Microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Surfactants
2.2. Reagents
2.3. Active Matter Analysis
2.4. Critical Micelle Concentration
2.5. Zeta Potential (ζ-Potential) and Micelle Diameter (MD)
2.6. Pseudomonas Putida Toxicity Test
2.7. Marine Algae Toxicity Test
2.8. Model of Toxic Units
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC)
3.2. Zeta Potential and Micelle Diameter
3.3. Toxicity of Individual Surfactants
3.4. Toxicity of Surfactants Mixtures
4. Discussion
4.1. Zeta Potential and Micelle Diameter of Individual and Mixtures of the Surfactant Solutions
4.2. Toxicity of Individual Surfactants
4.3. Toxicity of Surfactants Mixtures
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Abbreviation | INCI Name 1 | CAS 2 | R 3 | E 4 | % Active Matter |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EC-R8E8 | Capryleth-9 carboxylic acid | 53563-70-5 | 8 | 8 | 92.8 |
EC-R12–14E3 | Laureth-4 carboxylic acid | 27306-90-7 | 12–14 | 3 | 92.5 |
EC-R12–14E10 | Laureth-11 carboxylic acid | 27306-90-7 | 12–14 | 10 | 89.1 |
AO-R12 | Lauryl dimethyl amine oxide | 1643-20-5 | 12 | - | 29.4 |
AO-R14 | Myristyl dimethyl amine oxide | 3332-27-2 | 14 | - | 30.8 |
AOP-Cocoamido | Cocoamidopropyl dimethyl amine oxide | 68155-09-9 | R’ = 12 | - | 34.3 |
Surfactant | CMC (mgL−1) | CMCU |
---|---|---|
EC-R8E8 | 214.2 ± 5.2 | - |
EC-R12–14E3 | 28.6 ± 4.8 | - |
EC-R12–14E10 | 66.9 ± 7.2 | - |
AO-R12 | 156.0 ± 10.5 | - |
AO-R14 | 102.4 ± 3.2 | - |
AOP-Cocoamido | 301.3 ± 5.1 | - |
EC-R8E8 + EC-R12–14E10 | 100.2 ± 1.57 | 0.71 |
EC-R8E8 + AO-Cocoamido | 442.7 ± 7.6 | 1.71 |
AO-R12 + AO-Cocoamido | 403.8 ± 12.4 | 1.76 |
AO-R14 + AO-Cocoamido | 157.9 ± 6.1 | 0.78 |
Surfactant | ζ-Potential P. putida Medium, (±SD) | MD P. putida Medium, (nm ± SD) | ζ-Potential P. tricornutum Medium, (±SD) | MD P. tricornutum Medium, (nm ± SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|
EC-R8E8 | −13.6 ± 0.5 | 123.3 ± 19.2 | −3.5 ± 1.3 | 162.6 ± 22.0 |
EC-R12–14E3 | −51.9 ± 2.2 | 19.9 ± 2.3 | −28.7 ± 1.1 | 18.1 ± 1.3 |
EC-R12–14E10 | −9.0 ± 1.1 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | −2.4 ± 1.3 | 6.7 ± 0.1 |
AO-R12 | −27.8 ± 1.5 | 52.4 ± 0.8 | −11.0 ± 0.6 | 195.0 ± 4.5 |
AO-R14 | −14.7 ± 1.3 | 8.8 ± 0.1 | −6.9 ± 0.7 | 7.1 ± 1.1 |
AOP-Cocoamido | −12.7 ± 0.2 | 54.1 ± 8.7 | −9.1 ± 0.4 | 326.9 ± 19.8 |
EC-R8E8 + EC-R12–14E10 | −11.3 ± 1.1 | 7.0 ± 0.5 | −5.9 ± 0.6 | 6.4 ± 0.5 |
EC-R8E8 + AO-Cocoamido | −12.8 ± 1.1 | 123.4 ± 12.0 | −7.1 ± 0.2 | 36.0 ± 1.1 |
AO-R12 + AO-Cocoamido | −23.3 ± 3.4 | 48.2 ± 8.2 | −10.4 ± 2.1 | 68.6 ± 2.7 |
AO-R14 + AO-Cocoamido | −12.0 ± 1.3 | 10.8 ± 2.6 | −10.0 ± 1.5 | 8.9 ± 1.6 |
Surfactant | EC50, P. putida mgL−1 | EC50, P. tricornutum mgL−1 |
---|---|---|
EC-R8E8 | 443.95 ± 10.24 | 93.05 ± 8.21 |
EC-R12–14E3 | 331.54 ± 15.77 | 13.14 ± 2.25 |
EC-R12–14E10 | 370.37 ± 15.02 | 53.14 ± 1.22 |
AO-R12 | 93.48 ± 4.76 | 29.72 ± 2.91 |
AO-R14 | 28.8 ± 2.48 | 4.27 ± 1.03 |
AOP-Cocoamido | 311.48 ± 9.54 | 57.66 ± 5.48 |
Surfactant A | Surfactant B | EC50, P. putida mgL−1 (95% CI) | TUA | TUB | TUmix | TUr | Type of Action |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EC-R8E8 | EC-R12–14E10 | 414.71 ± 18.33 | 0.47 | 0.56 | 1.03 | 1.83 | Concentration addition |
EC-R8E8 | AO-Cocoamido | 461.74 ± 22.15 | 0.52 | 0.74 | 1.26 | 1.70 | Less than additive (antagonism) |
AO-R12 | AO-Cocoamido | 210.98 ± 11.49 | 1.13 | 0.34 | 1.47 | 1.30 | Less than additive (antagonism) |
AO-R14 | AO-Cocoamido | 41.89 ± 3.87 | 0.73 | 0.07 | 0.79 | 1.09 | Response addition |
Surfactant A | Surfactant B | EC50, P. tricornutum mgL−1 (95% CI) | TUA | TUB | TUmix | TUr | Type of Action |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EC-R8E8 | EC-R12–14E10 | 55.3 ± 10.10 | 0.30 | 0.52 | 0.82 | 1.57 | Concentration addition |
EC-R8E8 | AO-Cocoamido | 69.91 ± 4.45 | 0.38 | 0.61 | 0.98 | 1.62 | Concentration addition |
AO-R12 | AO-Cocoamido | 65.24 ± 14.70 | 1.10 | 0.57 | 1.66 | 1.52 | Less than additive (antagonism) |
AO-R14 | AO-Cocoamido | 12.58 ± 4.18 | 1.47 | 0.11 | 1.58 | 1.07 | Response addition |
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Share and Cite
Ríos, F.; Lechuga, M.; Lobato-Guarnido, I.; Fernández-Serrano, M. Antagonistic Toxic Effects of Surfactants Mixtures to Bacteria Pseudomonas putida and Marine Microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Toxics 2023, 11, 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11040344
Ríos F, Lechuga M, Lobato-Guarnido I, Fernández-Serrano M. Antagonistic Toxic Effects of Surfactants Mixtures to Bacteria Pseudomonas putida and Marine Microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Toxics. 2023; 11(4):344. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11040344
Chicago/Turabian StyleRíos, Francisco, Manuela Lechuga, Ismael Lobato-Guarnido, and Mercedes Fernández-Serrano. 2023. "Antagonistic Toxic Effects of Surfactants Mixtures to Bacteria Pseudomonas putida and Marine Microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum" Toxics 11, no. 4: 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11040344