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Volume 11
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10.3390/toxics11020129
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Article

Nonlinear Associations between Blood Cadmium Concentration and Thyroid Hormones According to Smoking Status in Korean Adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)

by
Byungmi Kim
1,2,†,
Minshik Rhie
1,†,
Sunhee Park
3,
Hyo-Seon Kim
1 and
Jeoung A Kwon
1,4,*
1
Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
2
Center of Tobacco Control, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
3
Public Health at Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
4
Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Toxics 2023, 11(2), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020129
Submission received: 10 January 2023 / Revised: 27 January 2023 / Accepted: 27 January 2023 / Published: 29 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Human Toxicology and Epidemiology)
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Abstract

Research on the association between blood cadmium (BCd) exposure and thyroid hormone levels in the general population has been inconclusive. Therefore, we examined the associations between BCd and thyroid hormones according to smoking status in Korean adults (N = 1170, Men = 722, Women = 448) using multiple linear regression and restricted cubic splines analysis with data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013). The geometric mean of BCd was 0.74 μg/L in all study participants and was higher in smokers (1.01 μg/L) than in nonsmokers (0.65 μg/L). Restricted cubic splines analysis revealed nonlinear trends between BCd and free thyroxine in smokers (p for nonlinearity = 0.02). By contrast, there were no significant associations between BCd and thyroid hormones in either men or women. In conclusion, nonlinear associations may exist between BCd and free thyroxine in smokers. Our study provides empirical support for the future formulation of an acceptable concentration range of BCd and offers a new concept for preventing thyroid problems.
Keywords: blood cadmium; thyroid hormones; smoking status; restricted cubic splines blood cadmium; thyroid hormones; smoking status; restricted cubic splines

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kim, B.; Rhie, M.; Park, S.; Kim, H.-S.; Kwon, J.A. Nonlinear Associations between Blood Cadmium Concentration and Thyroid Hormones According to Smoking Status in Korean Adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Toxics 2023, 11, 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020129

AMA Style

Kim B, Rhie M, Park S, Kim H-S, Kwon JA. Nonlinear Associations between Blood Cadmium Concentration and Thyroid Hormones According to Smoking Status in Korean Adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Toxics. 2023; 11(2):129. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020129

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kim, Byungmi, Minshik Rhie, Sunhee Park, Hyo-Seon Kim, and Jeoung A Kwon. 2023. "Nonlinear Associations between Blood Cadmium Concentration and Thyroid Hormones According to Smoking Status in Korean Adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)" Toxics 11, no. 2: 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020129

APA Style

Kim, B., Rhie, M., Park, S., Kim, H.-S., & Kwon, J. A. (2023). Nonlinear Associations between Blood Cadmium Concentration and Thyroid Hormones According to Smoking Status in Korean Adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Toxics, 11(2), 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020129

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