A Tiered Approach for Assessing Individual and Combined Risk of Pyrethroids Using Human Biomonitoring Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Conceptual Model and Derivation of Provisional HBM Guidance Values
2.2. Data and Information Sources
3. Results
3.1. Screening and Substance-Specific HBM-GVGenPop
3.1.1. Screening Values for 3-PBA Moiety Metabolites
3.1.2. Deltamethrin
3.1.3. Cyfluthrin
3.1.4. Cypermethrin
3.1.5. Lambda-Cyhalothrin
3.1.6. Permethrin
3.1.7. Bifenthrin
3.1.8. Tau-Fluvalinate
3.1.9. Etofenprox
3.2. Screening and Refined Assessments Based on Common Metabolites
3.3. Substance-Specific Risk Assessments
3.3.1. Deltamethrin
3.3.2. Cyfluthrin
3.3.3. Cypermethrin
3.3.4. Lambda-Cyhalothrin
3.3.5. Permethrin
3.3.6. Bifenthrin
3.3.7. Tau-Fluvalinate
3.4. Combined Risk Assessment
3.5. Overall Discussion, Uncertainty Assessment, and Final Risk Characterisation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Acronym | Location | Geographical Coverage | Region | Study Design | Sampling Period | Age Range |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Children | ||||||
3xG | Belgium | Regional | Dessel, Mol, Retie | Longitudinal | 01/2019–06/2021 | 6–8 |
ESTEBAN | France | National | Mainland | Cross-sectional | 04/2014–03/2016 | 6–11 |
ORGANIKO | Cyprus | Regional | Limassol | Cross-over | 01/2017–04/2017 | 10–11 |
RAV MABAT | Israel | National | - | Cross-sectional | 2015–2016 | 4–11 |
SLO CRP | Slovenia | Regional | Mura region | Cross-sectional | 01/2018–06/2018 | 7–10 |
SPECIMEn-NL | The Netherlands | Regional | Central-East | Cross-sectional | 01/2020–03/2020 | 6–11 |
Adults | ||||||
ESB | Germany | Regional | Münster | Cross-sectional | Earliest samples from 1981, ongoing study | 20–29 |
ESTEBAN | France | National | Mainland France | Cross-sectional | 04/2014–03/2016 | 18–74 |
HBM4EU-study for Switzerland | Switzerland | Regional | Basel | Cross-sectional | 01/2020–10/2020 | 20–39 |
RAV MABAT | Israel | National | - | Cross-sectional | 2015–2016 | 20–39 |
Biomarker | Name | Parent Pyrethroids |
---|---|---|
3-PBA | 3-phenoxybenzoic acid | Many, e.g., cypermethrin, deltamethrin, etofenprox, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, esfenvalerate, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, tau-fluvalinate |
4-FPBA | 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid | cyfluthrin |
CIF3CA * | cis-3-[2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid | bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and tefluthrin |
DBCA (cis isomer) | cis-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid | deltamethrin |
DCCA (sum of cis and trans) | 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid | cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, and permethrin |
Active Substance | ADI mg/kg bw Source * | Biomarker | Fue * % | Proposed HBM-GVGenPop µg Metabolite/L Urine | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deltamethrin | 0.01 HBM4EU | DBCA | 45 | 90 (children) † 130 (adults) † | Specific metabolite # |
Cyfluthrin | 0.01 HBM4EU | 4-FPBA | 47 | 80 (children) † 130 (adults) † | Screening and specific metabolite # |
Cypermethrin | 0.005 EFSA | DCCA | 36 | 30 (children) 45 (adults) | Sum of cis/trans-DCCA |
Lambda-cyhalothrin | 0.0025 EFSA | CIF3CA | 21 | 9 (children) 14 (adults) | |
Permethrin | 0.05 ECHA | DCCA | 36 | 320 (children) 480 (adults) | Sum of cis/trans-DCCA |
Bifenthrin | 0.015 EFSA | CIF3CA | 21 | 60 (children) 90 (adults) | Fue inferred from lambda-cyhalothrin |
Tau-fluvalinate | 0.005 EFSA | 3-PBA | 9–31 | 6.4–22 (children) 9.6–33 (adults) | Screening and specific metabolite # |
Etofenprox | 0.03 EFSA | 3-PBA | 1 | low reliability | Excluded from this risk assessment |
Aylward et al. [15] | Côté et al. [38] | Quindroit et al. [19] | Côté and Bouchard [18] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reported Value | Original Reference | Reported Value | Original Reference | Reported Value | Original Reference | Reported Value | Original Reference | |
Cypermethrin | 0.13 0.27 | [39,40] | 0.129 | [39] | trans 0.39 cis 0.16 | [39,40] | 0.05–0.55 | [40] |
Deltamethrin | 0.09 | [37] | 0.15 | [37] | ||||
Lambda-cyhalothrin | 0.251 | Marsh et al. 1994 # | ||||||
Permethrin | 0.457 | [41] | 0.129 * | [39] | trans 0.85 cis 0.37 | [37] | 0.32–0.78 | [41] |
Biomarker | ClF3CA | DBCA | DCCA | 4-FPBA | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active Substance | Lambda-Cyhalothrin | Bifenthrin | Deltamethrin | Cypermethrin | Permethrin | Cyfluthrin |
Children (age 6 to 11 years) | ||||||
Israel | 0.085 | 0.013 | 0.011 | 0.17 | 0.016 | 0.013 |
Netherlands | 0.142 | 0.021 | 0.042 | 0.15 | 0.014 | NR |
Belgium | 0.086 | 0.013 | 0.034 | 0.25 | 0.02 | NR |
Cyprus | 0.029 | 0.004 | 0.044 | 0.20 | 0.02 | NR |
France | - | - | 0.059 | 0.108 | 0.01 | 0.004 |
Slovenia | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.018 |
Adults | ||||||
Switzerland | 0.031 | 0.005 | 0.0068 | 0.036 | 0.003 | NR |
Germany | 0.019 | 0.003 | 0.0041 | 0.019 | 0.003 | NR |
Israel | 0.075 | 0.012 | 0.0032 | 0.068 | 0.006 | NR |
France | - | - | 0.041 | 0.053 | 0.005 | 0.003 |
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Tarazona, J.V.; Cattaneo, I.; Niemann, L.; Pedraza-Diaz, S.; González-Caballero, M.C.; de Alba-Gonzalez, M.; Cañas, A.; Dominguez-Morueco, N.; Esteban-López, M.; Castaño, A.; et al. A Tiered Approach for Assessing Individual and Combined Risk of Pyrethroids Using Human Biomonitoring Data. Toxics 2022, 10, 451. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10080451
Tarazona JV, Cattaneo I, Niemann L, Pedraza-Diaz S, González-Caballero MC, de Alba-Gonzalez M, Cañas A, Dominguez-Morueco N, Esteban-López M, Castaño A, et al. A Tiered Approach for Assessing Individual and Combined Risk of Pyrethroids Using Human Biomonitoring Data. Toxics. 2022; 10(8):451. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10080451
Chicago/Turabian StyleTarazona, Jose V., Irene Cattaneo, Lars Niemann, Susana Pedraza-Diaz, Maria Carmen González-Caballero, Mercedes de Alba-Gonzalez, Ana Cañas, Noelia Dominguez-Morueco, Marta Esteban-López, Argelia Castaño, and et al. 2022. "A Tiered Approach for Assessing Individual and Combined Risk of Pyrethroids Using Human Biomonitoring Data" Toxics 10, no. 8: 451. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10080451