Phytotoxicity of Essential Oils: Opportunities and Constraints for the Development of Biopesticides. A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Essential Oils’ Cellular and Physiological Impacts
2.1. Essential Oils’ Translocation
2.2. Water Status Alteration
2.3. Membrane Properties and Interactions
2.4. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Induction
2.5. Photosynthesis Inhibition
2.6. Mitochondrial Respiration Inhibition
2.7. Microtubule Disruption and Genotoxicity
2.8. Enzymatic Inhibition and Regulation
2.9. Phytohormones and Priming of Plant Defence
3. Mechanism of Detoxification
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PPP | plant protection product |
EO(s) | essential oil(s) |
VOCs | volatile organic compounds |
EOC | essential oil constituents |
IPM | integrated pest management |
ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
RNS | reactive nitrogen species |
H2O2 | hydrogen peroxide |
MDA | Malondialdehyde |
LOX | lipoxygenase |
EL | electrolyte leakage |
PS | photosystem |
GAs | gibberellins |
TAT | tyrosine aminotransferase |
PR | pathogenesis related |
SAR | systemic acquired resistance |
ISR | induced systemic resistance |
SA | salicylic acid |
JA | jasmonic acid |
GLV | green leaf volatiles |
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Mode of Action | Essential Oils or Constituents (Concentration) | Application Mode (Time) | Plant Target | Observation | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water status alteration | Camphor (10 mg/L) menthol (5 mg/L) | Vapor exposure (for 24 to 96 h) | A. thaliana | Scanning electron microscopy, transpiration, PCR, western blot | [25] |
Camphor (10 mg/L) | Vapor exposure (for 24 to 96 h) | A. thaliana | Real time PCR, in vivo cytoskeleton visualization | [26] | |
Clove oil (2.5%) eugenol (1.5%) | Sprayed at 50 mL/m2 | Broccoli, lambsquarte, pigweed | Membrane integrity (EL), spray solution retention | [27] | |
Citral (1200–2400 μM) | Watered every 2 day (25 mL per pot) | A. thaliana | Water/osmotic potentials (Ψw/Ψs), pigment, protein, anthocyanin, stomata density | [28] | |
Trans-caryophyllene (450–1800 µM) | Watering (25 mL/pot) or spraying (15 mL/pot) | A. thaliana | Chlorophyll a fluorescence, osmotic potential, MDA, pigment, proline, protein and element content | [29] | |
Membrane properties and interaction | Mentha piperita (5–900 ppm) | Perfusion | Cucumis sativus | Root segment membrane potential determination | [31] |
C. zeylanicym C. winterianus (3%) | Sprayed (10 L/m2) | A. thaliana | Herbicide tests + in silico approach | [35] | |
1,8-cineole, thymol, menthol, geraniol, camphor (21.7, 2.0, 1.9, 2.5, 7.4 mg/L) | Vapor exposure | Zea mays | Lipid, peroxide and lipid peroxidation | [36] | |
Sterols and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition | [37] | ||||
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species induction | α-pinene (1.36–136 mg/mL) | Vapor exposure in petri dish for 3, 5 and 7 days | C. occidentalis, A. viridis, T. aestivum, Pisum sativum, Cicer arietinum | EL, MDA, H2O2, proline, ROS scavenging enzymes (SOD, APX, GPX, CAT, GR) | [50] |
β-Pinene (0.02–0.80 mg/mL) | [42] | ||||
β-pinene (1.36–13.6 µg/mL) | Vapor exposure for 4 to 24 h | Wheat seed | H2O2, O2−, MDA, ROS scavenging enzymes, LOX | [43] | |
Citronellol (50–250 μM) | Watered for 24, 48 and 72 h | Wheat seed | MDA, EL, CDs, LOX, In situ histochemical analyses | [44] | |
P. benghalensis (0.25–2.5 mg/mL) | Vapor exposure | Avena fatua Phalaris minor | H2O2, O2−, MDA, CDs, EL, ROS scavenging enzymes | [45] | |
Monarda didyma (0.06–1.25 µg/mL) | Vapor exposure for 5 days | Weed seed | H2O2, MDA | [46] | |
Artemisia scoparia (0.14–0.70 mg/mL) | Vapor exposure for 5 days | Wheat seed | O2−, H2O2, proline, root oxidizability, cell death | [47] | |
Heterothalamus psiadioides (1–5 µL) | Vapor exposure in petri dish for 7 days | A. thaliana | Histochemical detection of H2O2 | [48] | |
Photosynthesis inhibition | β-pinene (135 µM) | Applied to organelles suspension | Chloroplast (Spinacia oleracea) | O2, protein, chlorophyll, electron microscopy | [51] |
β-pinene (945 µM) | Applied to organelles suspension | Chloroplast (Cucurbita pepo) | O2, protein, chlorophyll, Gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting | [52] | |
β-pinene (0.02–0.80 mg/mL) | Vapor exposure for 3, 5 and 7 days | Oryza sativa | Chlorophyll, protein, carbohydrate, proteases, α- and β-amylases, POD, PER | [53] | |
Cymbopogon citratus (1.25–10% (v/v)) | Foliar sprayed at 1000 L ha−1 | Barnyardgrass | Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid, EL, MDA | [54] | |
Photosynthesis inhibition | Hyptis suaveolens (1–5% (v/v)) | Foliar sprayed (10 mL/plant) | Oryza sativaE. crus-galli | Total chlorophyll content, cell viability, Cytogenetic analysis | [55] |
Farnesene (0–1200 μM) | Grown in medium for 14 days | A. thaliana | Root gravitropism, structural studies, electron microscopy, O2−, H2O2, microtubule, ethylene, auxin | [56] | |
Artemisia fragrans (0.5, 1, 2 and 4%) | Spraying (100 mL/ pot) for 5 days | Convolvulus arvensis | Chlorophyll a fluorescence, chlorophyll, ROS scavenging enzymes, H2O2, MDA | [57] | |
Clove oil (2.5%), eugenol (1.95%) | Covered by solutions | Broccoli | Chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging at 20, 40 and 60 min | [58] | |
Origanum vulgare (0–500 μL/L) | Grown in medium for 10 days | A. thaliana | Chlorophyll a fluorescence, chlorophyll, protein, MDA, Ionomic, metabolomic | [59] | |
Mitochondrial respiration inhibition | 1,8-cineole (6 mM) | Apply to organelle | A. fatua | O2 consumption | [60] |
Juglone (10 mM) | Bathed in dark for 30 min | Soybean cotyledons | O2 consumption and isotope fractionation | [61] | |
Mitochondrial respiration inhibition | α-pinene, camphor, eucalyptol and limonene (0.1–10 mM) | Vapor exposure/apply to organelle | Maize | Protein, seed germination, growth test and oxygen uptake | [62] |
α– pinene (50–500 µM) | Grown in medium for 10 days | Coleoptiles and primary roots of maize | O2 consumption, mitochondrial ATP production | [63] | |
Pulegone, menthol, menthone (0–1500 ppm) | Foliar sprayed | Cucumber seeds (roots segments, mitochondria) | O2 uptake, mitochondrial respiration | [64] | |
Camphor, 1,8-Cineole, Limonene, α–pinene (0–500 µM) | Apply to organelle suspension | Corn and soybean | Mitochondrial respiration | [66] | |
1,8-cineole (0–2000 µM) | Vapor exposure | N. tabacum (seeds) | Growth, protoplasts proliferation, starch accumulation of BY-2 | [68] | |
Microtubule disruption and genotoxicity | Citral (0–1.0 μL) | Vapor exposure | A. thaliana | Microscopy, in vitro polymerization of microtubules | [70] |
Citral (0–1.200 μM) | Grown inmedium for 14 days | A. thaliana | Ultra-structural, pectin and callose staining, mitotic indices, ethylene, auxin | [71] | |
Limonene, citral, carvacrol, pulegone (4.6–9.2 μmol/20 mL) | Vapor exposure for 0, 15, 30 and 60 min | A. thaliana | Membrane, microtubules, F-actin, (confocal microscopy), in Planta monoterpene concentrations | [73] | |
Menthone | Vapor exposure | Tobacco BY-2A. thaliana | GFP-tagged markers for microtubules and actin filaments | [74] | |
Schinus molle Schinus terebinthifolius | Vapor exposure 0.1 mL for 72 h | Allium cepa, Lactuca sativa | Cytogenetic assay | [75] | |
Citrus aurantiifolia (0.10–1.50 mg/mL) | Vapor exposure (10 mL) for 3–24 h | Avena fatua, E. crus-galli, Phalaris minor | Phytotoxicity: dose-response assay, cytotoxicity (Allium cepa) | [76] | |
Plectrantus amboinicus (0–0.120% w/v) | Vapor exposure for 48 h | Lactuca sativa Sorghum bicolor | Germination speed index, percentage of germination | [77] | |
Mentha longifolia (10–250 μg/mL) (0.5–5%) | Vapor exposure Foliar sprayed (5 mL/pot) | Cyperus rotundus, E.crus-galli, Oryza sativa | Germination, root length, coleoptile length, chlorophyll, cytotoxicity assay (Allium cepa) | [78] | |
Microtubule disruption and genotoxicity | Nepeta nuda (0.1–0.8 µL/mL) | Vapor exposure (10 mL) for 7 days | Zea mays | Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, quantitative analysis of proteins | [79] |
Salvia leucophylla (0–1300 µM) | Vapor exposure for 4 days | Brassica campestris | DAPI-fluorescence microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy, DNA Synthesis Activities | [80] | |
Vitex negundo (0.1–2.5 mg/mL) | Vapor exposure (12 mL) | Avena Fatua, E. crus-galli, Onion bulbs | Phytotoxicity, cytoxicity | [81] | |
S-carvone (125 µL) | Vapor exposure (several days) | Solanum tuberosum | Potato sprout growth, HMGR activity, membrane protein composition, transcription activity | [82] | |
Phytohormones | R/S-carvone (25–125 µL) | Vapor exposure (several days) | Solanum tuberosum | Growth inhibition, carvone and conversion products in potato sprouts | [83] |
Peppermint oil (0.1% (v/v)) | Vapor exposure | Solanum tuberosum | Potato sprout growth, protein extraction, enzyme activity, semi quantitative RT-PCR for potato α–amylase | [84] | |
Ten monoterpenes (0.5–2 mM) | Vapor exposure (6 mL) for 9 days | Silybum marianum | carbonic anhydrase activity | [87] | |
Farnesene (250 μM) | Grown in medium for 14 days | A. thaliana | Root anatomy/meristem size, mitotic indices, quantitative PCR, auxin gradient and polar transport | [88] |
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Werrie, P.-Y.; Durenne, B.; Delaplace, P.; Fauconnier, M.-L. Phytotoxicity of Essential Oils: Opportunities and Constraints for the Development of Biopesticides. A Review. Foods 2020, 9, 1291. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091291
Werrie P-Y, Durenne B, Delaplace P, Fauconnier M-L. Phytotoxicity of Essential Oils: Opportunities and Constraints for the Development of Biopesticides. A Review. Foods. 2020; 9(9):1291. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091291
Chicago/Turabian StyleWerrie, Pierre-Yves, Bastien Durenne, Pierre Delaplace, and Marie-Laure Fauconnier. 2020. "Phytotoxicity of Essential Oils: Opportunities and Constraints for the Development of Biopesticides. A Review" Foods 9, no. 9: 1291. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091291