Post-Ingestive Sensations Driving Post-Ingestive Food Pleasure: A Cross-Cultural Consumer Study Comparing Denmark and China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Study post-ingestive drivers of self-reported Post-Ingestive Food Pleasure (PIFP), and study the development of drivers of PIFP over three hours post intake;
- (2)
- Compare Danish and Chinese consumers in their post-ingestive drivers of self-reported PIFP.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Recruitment
2.2. Procedure and Study Design
2.3. Questionnaire
2.4. Breakfast Meals
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Dynamics in Post-Ingestive Sensations
3.2. Post-Ingestive Sensations Driving Post-Ingestive Food Pleasure in China and in Denmark
4. Discussion
4.1. Cross-Cultural Differences in Drivers of Post-Ingestive Food Pleasure
4.2. Post-Ingestive Food Pleasure, Satisfaction, and Wellbeing Associations
4.3. Limitations
4.4. Research Contribution and Future Perspectives
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | China | Denmark |
---|---|---|
ntotal | 53 | 48 |
Males/females | 24/29 | 31/17 |
Age (years) | 22 ± 1.1 (20–25) * | 20.4 ± 1.1 (18–25) * |
Weight (kg) | 60.3 ± 10.8 (41–95) * | 71.5 ± 12.0 (51–108) * |
Height (cm) | 168.6 ± 7.2 (154–183) * | 175.7 ± 8.5 (162–192) * |
BMI 1 (kg/m2) | 21.1 ± 2.7 (17.3–33.6) * | 23.0 ± 2.4 (19–30.5) * |
Variable | English Phrasing | Chinese Phrasing | Danish Phrasing |
---|---|---|---|
Hunger | “How hungry are you right now?” | “您现在有多饿?” | “Hvor sulten er du lige nu?” |
Satiety | “How full are you right now?” | “您现在有多饱?” | “Hvor mæt er du lige nu?” |
Energized | “How energetic are you right now?” | “您现在精力有多充沛?” | “Hvor energisk er du lige nu?” |
Relaxation | “How relaxed are you right now?” | “您现在有多放松?” | “Hvor afslappet er du lige nu?” |
Concentration | “How is your concentration right now?” | “您现在精神有多集中?” | “Hvor koncentreret er du lige nu?” |
Sleepiness | “How sleepy are you right now?” | “您现在有多累?” | “Hvor træt er du lige nu?” |
Satisfaction | “How satisfied are you with the breakfast meal you ate today?” | “您对今天的早餐多满意?” | “Hvor tilfreds er du med det måltid du har spist i dag?” |
Overall wellbeing | “Please rate your overall wellbeing as you feel it right now” | “请立即给您现在的总体舒适状况打分” | “I hvor høj grad fornemmer du en generel velvære lige nu?” |
Physical wellbeing | “Please rate your physical wellbeing as you feel it right now” | “请您凭第一感觉对自己现在的身体舒适状况打分” | “Hvor fysisk veltilpas er du lige nu?” |
Mental wellbeing | “Please rate your mental wellbeing as you feel it right now” | “请您凭第一感觉给自己现在的心情舒畅状况打分” | “Hvor mentalt veltilpas er du lige nu?” |
Desire to eat | “How much do you desire to eat something right now?” | “您现在有多想吃点东西呢?” | “Hvor stor er din lyst til noget at spise lige nu?” |
Sweet desire | “How much do you desire to eat something sweet right now?” | “您现在有多想吃些甜的食物?” | “I hvor høj grad har du lyst til noget sødt lige nu?” |
Salty desire | “How much do you desire to eat something salty right now?” | “您现在有多想吃些咸的食物?” | “I hvor høj grad har du lyst til noget salt lige nu?” |
Fatty desire | “How much do you desire to eat something fatty right now?” | “您现在有多想吃些油腻的食物?” | “I hvor høj grad har du lyst til noget fedt lige nu?” |
In need of food | “How much do you need food right now?” | “您现在有多需要食物?” | “I hvor høj grad mangler du noget mad lige nu?” |
Post-Ingestive Food Pleasure | “Please rate your sense of joy when thinking of the meal you ate today”. | “请给您在回想今日所进食食物的时候的愉悦程度打分” | “I hvor høj grad fornemmer du en glæde ved den mad du har spist i dag?” |
Food Ingredient | Breakfast A | Breakfast B |
---|---|---|
Amount (g)/Calories (Cal) | Amount (g)/Calories (Cal) | |
Yoghurt in Denmark 1 | 300/123 | 300/123 |
Yoghurt in China 2 | 300/141 | 300/141 |
Lacprodan 3 | 35/131.5 | - |
Glucose syrup 4 | - | 42.35/131.5 |
Muesli 5 | 30/99 | 30/99 |
Almonds 6 | 6/30 | 6/30 |
Raisins 7 | 2.5/5 | 2.5/5 |
Fresh blueberries 8 | 2.5/5 | 2.5/5 |
Total Denmark | 376/393 | 383.35/393 |
Total China | 376/411 | 383.35/411 |
China | Denmark | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Immediately Post Intake | Three Hours Post Intake | p | F | d 1 | Immediately Post Intake | Three Hours Post Intake | p | F | d 1 | |
Hunger | 1.81a ± 1.8 | 4.52b ± 2.4 | *** | 121.8 | 1.3 | 4.36a ± 2.6 | 7.90b ± 1.5 | *** | 205.3 | 1.7 |
Satiety | 7.61a ± 2.1 | 4.33b ± 2.4 | *** | 195.2 | 1.5 | 5.66a ± 2.0 | 1.99b ± 1.6 | *** | 267.6 | 2.0 |
Energized | 6.52 ± 2.0 | 6.37 ± 2.0 | ns | - | - | 4.31a ± 1.6 | 3.72b ± 1.6 | ** | 10.9 | 0.4 |
Relaxation | 6.70 ± 2.2 | 7.06 ± 1.7 | ns | - | - | 5.70a ± 1.7 | 4.66b ± 1.8 | *** | 20.2 | 0.6 |
Concentration | 6.96 ± 1.9 | 6.67 ± 1.8 | ns | - | - | 4.73a ± 1.4 | 3.92b ± 1.5 | *** | 17.7 | 0.6 |
Sleepiness | 3.17 ± 2.0 | 3.75 ± 2.1 | ns | - | - | 5.05 ± 1.9 | 4.86 ± 2.0 | ns | - | - |
Satisfaction | 5.72 ± 2.4 | 6.05 ± 2.2 | ns | - | - | 4.48a ± 2.1 | 3.28b ± 2.0 | *** | 52.5 | 0.6 |
Overall wellbeing | 6.19a ± 2.2 | 6.79b ± 1.8 | ** | 9.1 | 0.3 | 5.37a ± 1.5 | 4.39b ± 1.9 | *** | 23.8 | 0.6 |
Physical wellbeing | 6.00a ± 2.2 | 6.65b ± 1.9 | ** | 10.5 | 0.3 | 5.24a ± 1.5 | 4.16b ± 1.9 | *** | 29.8 | 0.6 |
Mental wellbeing | 6.26a ± 2.1 | 6.93b ± 1.8 | *** | 14.8 | 0.3 | 5.36a ± 1.6 | 4.44b ± 1.7 | *** | 26.0 | 0.6 |
Desire to eat | 2.38a ± 2.3 | 4.83b ± 2.5 | *** | 89.3 | 1.0 | 4.73a ± 2.5 | 8.15b ± 1.4 | *** | 202.2 | 1.7 |
Sweet desire | 2.57a ± 2.3 | 3.51b ± 2.5 | *** | 23.2 | 0.4 | 4.02a ± 2.3 | 5.12b ± 2.4 | *** | 19.7 | 0.5 |
Salty desire | 3.14a ± 2.8 | 3.94b ± 2.5 | ** | 11.9 | 0.3 | 2.95a ± 2.0 | 3.92b ± 2.5 | *** | 19.1 | 0.4 |
Fatty desire | 2.28a ± 2.4 | 2.96b ± 2.4 | ** | 10.9 | 0.3 | 2.50a ± 1.9 | 3.74b ± 2.6 | *** | 37.5 | 0.5 |
In need of food | 2.28a ± 2.1 | 4.79b ± 2.5 | *** | 100.8 | 1.1 | 4.61a ± 2.5 | 8.01b ± 1.4 | *** | 237.0 | 1.7 |
Post-Ingestive Food Pleasure | 5.93 ± 2.4 | 6.16 ± 2.1 | ns | - | - | 4.19a ± 2.2 | 3.08b ± 1.9 | *** | 35.0 | 0.5 |
China | Denmark | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Post-Ingestive Sensation | Immediately Post Intake | Three Hours Post Intake | Post-Ingestive Sensation | Immediately Post Intake | Three Hours Post Intake |
Satisfaction | 1.7 | 2.4 | Satisfaction | 2.6 | 2.6 |
Mental wellbeing | 1.6 | 1.4 | Mental wellbeing | 1.3 | 1.0 |
Overall wellbeing | 1.5 | 1.1 | Overall wellbeing | 1.3 | 1.1 |
Physical wellbeing | 1.5 | 1.1 | Physical wellbeing | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Energized | 1.2 | 1.3 | In need of food | 1.0 | 0.9 |
Concentration | 1.2 | 1.1 | Desire to eat | 0.9 | 1.0 |
Relaxation | 1.1 | 1.3 | Satiety | 0.9 | 0.9 |
Sleepiness | 0.6 | 0.7 | Hunger | 0.8 | 1.1 |
In need of food | 0.6 | 0.5 | Relaxation | 0.6 | 0.6 |
Satiety | 0.6 | 0.6 | Energized | 0.6 | 1.2 |
Desire to eat | 0.5 | 0.6 | Salty desire | 0.6 | 0.2 |
Salty desire | 0.6 | 0.6 | Sleepiness | 0.5 | 0.1 |
Hunger | 0.5 | 0.5 | Sweet desire | 0.5 | 0.2 |
Sweet desire | 0.5 | 0.5 | Concentration | 0.5 | 1.1 |
Fatty desire | 0.3 | 0.6 | Fatty desire | 0.5 | 0.2 |
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Duerlund, M.; Andersen, B.V.; Wang, K.; Chan, R.C.K.; Byrne, D.V. Post-Ingestive Sensations Driving Post-Ingestive Food Pleasure: A Cross-Cultural Consumer Study Comparing Denmark and China. Foods 2020, 9, 617. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9050617
Duerlund M, Andersen BV, Wang K, Chan RCK, Byrne DV. Post-Ingestive Sensations Driving Post-Ingestive Food Pleasure: A Cross-Cultural Consumer Study Comparing Denmark and China. Foods. 2020; 9(5):617. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9050617
Chicago/Turabian StyleDuerlund, Mette, Barbara Vad Andersen, Kui Wang, Raymond C. K. Chan, and Derek Victor Byrne. 2020. "Post-Ingestive Sensations Driving Post-Ingestive Food Pleasure: A Cross-Cultural Consumer Study Comparing Denmark and China" Foods 9, no. 5: 617. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9050617