Quantification of Cheese Yield Reduction in Manufacturing Parmigiano Reggiano from Milk with Non-Compliant Somatic Cells Count
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Parmigiano Reggiano Cheesemaking Process
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Analytical Methods
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chemical Composition and Physico-Chemical Properties of Vat Milk
3.2. Cheese Yield and Cheesemaking Losses of Vat Milk
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Unit of Measure | LCC 1 n 2 = 10 | HCC 1 n 2 = 10 | SE 3 | p4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude protein | g/100 g | 3.30 | 3.16 | 0.06 | NS |
Casein | g/100 g | 2.57 | 2.43 | 0.05 | * |
Casein number | % | 77.80 | 77.03 | 0.31 | * |
NPN × 6.38 | g/100 g | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.01 | NS |
True protein | g/100 g | 3.13 | 3.00 | 0.06 | NS |
Fat | g/100 g | 2.75 | 2.68 | 0.05 | NS |
Fat to casein ratio | Value | 1.07 | 1.10 | 0.01 | NS |
Calcium | mg/100 g | 114.75 | 114.17 | 1.54 | NS |
Phosphorus | mg/100 g | 92.46 | 88.37 | 1.32 | * |
Magnesium | mg/100 g | 11.12 | 10.70 | 0.25 | NS |
Chloride | mg/100 g | 104.12 | 111.88 | 2.72 | * |
Titratable acidity | °SH/50 mL | 3.34 | 3.16 | 0.04 | * |
pH | Value | 6.71 | 6.77 | 0.02 | * |
Somatic cell count | 103 cells/mL | 146 | 259 | 5 | ** |
Parameter | Unit of Measure | LCC 1 n 2 = 10 | HCC 1 n 2 = 10 | SE 3 | p4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cheese yield: | |||||
Actual cheese yield at 24 months | kg/100 kg | 7.39 | 6.74 | 0.18 | * |
Dry yield at 24 months | kg/100 kg | 5.19 | 4.74 | 0.20 | * |
Cheese characteristics: | |||||
Moisture | g/100 g | 29.84 | 29.78 | 0.28 | NS |
Estimated cheesemaking losses: | |||||
Protein | % | 26.59 | 26.92 | 0.28 | NS |
Casein | % | 5.65 | 5.13 | 0.22 | NS |
Fat | % | 16.13 | 20.16 | 0.87 | ** |
Phosphorus | % | 49.86 | 50.28 | 0.87 | NS |
Calcium | % | 33.86 | 34.71 | 0.51 | NS |
Magnesium | % | 76.92 | 77.36 | 1.69 | NS |
Cheese Yield 1 | Protein Losses | Fat Losses | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p2 | r | p2 | r | p2 | |
Somatic cells 3 | −0.57 | * | 0.06 | NS | 0.34 | NS |
Crude protein | 0.68 | * | 0.03 | NS | −0.58 | ** |
Casein | 0.69 | * | −0.20 | NS | −0.64 | ** |
Fat | 0.60 | * | −0.09 | NS | −0.34 | NS |
Fat to casein ratio | −0.18 | NS | 0.15 | NS | 0.46 | * |
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Franceschi, P.; Faccia, M.; Malacarne, M.; Formaggioni, P.; Summer, A. Quantification of Cheese Yield Reduction in Manufacturing Parmigiano Reggiano from Milk with Non-Compliant Somatic Cells Count. Foods 2020, 9, 212. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020212
Franceschi P, Faccia M, Malacarne M, Formaggioni P, Summer A. Quantification of Cheese Yield Reduction in Manufacturing Parmigiano Reggiano from Milk with Non-Compliant Somatic Cells Count. Foods. 2020; 9(2):212. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020212
Chicago/Turabian StyleFranceschi, Piero, Michele Faccia, Massimo Malacarne, Paolo Formaggioni, and Andrea Summer. 2020. "Quantification of Cheese Yield Reduction in Manufacturing Parmigiano Reggiano from Milk with Non-Compliant Somatic Cells Count" Foods 9, no. 2: 212. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020212
APA StyleFranceschi, P., Faccia, M., Malacarne, M., Formaggioni, P., & Summer, A. (2020). Quantification of Cheese Yield Reduction in Manufacturing Parmigiano Reggiano from Milk with Non-Compliant Somatic Cells Count. Foods, 9(2), 212. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020212