Whey Protein Concentrate as a Novel Source of Bifunctional Peptides with Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme Inhibitory and Antioxidant Properties: RSM Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Proximate Analysis of WPC
2.3. Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)
2.4. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Design for WPC Hydrolysis
2.5. Degree of Hydrolysis (DH)
2.6. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (Ace) Inhibitory Activity Assay
2.7. Determination of Antioxidant Activity
2.7.1. 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl Free Radical Scavenging Assay
2.7.2. Ferrous Ion Chelating Activity Assay
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Proximate Analysis
3.2. Molecular Weight of WPC Hydrolysates
3.3. Model Performance Appraisal on the Regression Elements
3.4. Effects of Temperature, E/S Ratio, pH and Time on Different Responses
3.4.1. Degree of Hydrolysis (DH)
3.4.2. ACE-inhibitory Activity
3.4.3. Antioxidant Activities
3.5. Optimized Hydrolysis Condition For WPC and Model Validation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Present Study (Mean ± sd) | Literature Data * |
---|---|---|
Moisture (%) | 5.64 ± 0.03 | 3.8–4.5 |
Protein (%) | 76.13 ± 0.23 | 74.8–80.0 |
Crude fat (%) | 3.91 ± 0.75 | 1.8–7.2 |
Ash (%) | 2.96 ± 0.01 | 2.7–7.5 |
Carbohydrates (%) | 11.93 ± 0.00 | 3.5–8.9 |
Run Order | x1 | x2 | x3 | x4 | % DH (y1) | %ACE Inhibition (y2) | % DPPH• (y3) | % Ferrous Ion Chelating (y4) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experimental | Predicted | Experimental | Predicted | Experimental | Predicted | Experimental | Predicted | |||||
1 | 40 | 0.5 | 8.25 | 255 | 30.71 | 45.22 | 27.53 | 26.85 | 27.53 | 26.85 | 73.78 | 72.09 |
2 | 70 | 0.5 | 8.25 | 255 | 44.63 | 52.36 | 51.10 | 46.28 | 51.10 | 46.28 | 76.30 | 74.33 |
3 | 40 | 2.5 | 8.25 | 255 | 67.42 | 63.67 | 20.97 | 26.23 | 20.97 | 26.23 | 65.04 | 69.37 |
4 | 70 | 2.5 | 8.25 | 255 | 62.09 | 70.81 | 47.13 | 45.65 | 47.13 | 45.65 | 74.70 | 71.61 |
5 | 55 | 1.5 | 6.5 | 30 | 22.67 | 25.22 | 31.87 | 35.59 | 31.87 | 35.59 | 73.48 | 68.97 |
6 | 55 | 1.5 | 10 | 30 | 42.64 | 43.29 | 51.47 | 54.03 | 51.47 | 54.03 | 58.00 | 62.23 |
7 | 55 | 1.5 | 6.5 | 480 | 87.35 | 77.50 | 49.10 | 55.03 | 49.10 | 55.03 | 65.63 | 64.82 |
8 | 55 | 1.5 | 10 | 480 | 91.07 | 95.57 | 40.77 | 45.53 | 40.77 | 45.53 | 58.37 | 58.08 |
9 | 40 | 1.5 | 8.25 | 30 | 17.90 | 18.09 | 34.20 | 23.81 | 34.20 | 23.81 | 63.44 | 63.51 |
10 | 70 | 1.5 | 8.25 | 30 | 34.46 | 25.23 | 41.33 | 43.23 | 41.33 | 43.23 | 64.04 | 65.75 |
11 | 40 | 1.5 | 8.25 | 480 | 72.37 | 70.37 | 21.67 | 29.27 | 21.67 | 29.27 | 60.93 | 59.36 |
12 | 70 | 1.5 | 8.25 | 480 | 66.52 | 77.52 | 51.77 | 48.7 | 51.77 | 48.7 | 59.00 | 61.60 |
13 | 55 | 0.5 | 6.5 | 255 | 40.58 | 42.54 | 42.80 | 45.62 | 42.8 | 45.62 | 77.00 | 77.55 |
14 | 55 | 2.5 | 6.5 | 255 | 79.65 | 80.60 | 57.73 | 45.00 | 57.73 | 45.00 | 74.96 | 74.83 |
15 | 55 | 0.5 | 10 | 255 | 82.06 | 80.22 | 48.33 | 50.09 | 48.33 | 50.09 | 69.96 | 70.81 |
16 | 55 | 2.5 | 10 | 255 | 81.91 | 79.06 | 42.93 | 49.46 | 42.93 | 49.46 | 67.59 | 68.09 |
17 | 40 | 1.5 | 6.5 | 255 | 58.15 | 54.87 | 24.5 | 24.31 | 24.5 | 24.31 | 66.56 | 71.16 |
18 | 70 | 1.5 | 6.5 | 255 | 51.01 | 43.09 | 32.8 | 43.73 | 32.8 | 43.73 | 73.11 | 73.40 |
19 | 40 | 1.5 | 10 | 255 | 59.72 | 54.02 | 30.4 | 28.77 | 30.4 | 28.77 | 70.19 | 64.42 |
20 | 70 | 1.5 | 10 | 255 | 90.43 | 80.08 | 51.70 | 48.20 | 51.70 | 48.20 | 66.22 | 66.66 |
21 | 55 | 0.5 | 8.25 | 30 | 27.44 | 25.03 | 42.37 | 45.12 | 42.37 | 45.12 | 73.22 | 73.43 |
22 | 55 | 2.5 | 8.25 | 30 | 35.25 | 43.48 | 44.57 | 44.50 | 44.57 | 44.50 | 65.37 | 63.64 |
23 | 55 | 0.5 | 8.25 | 480 | 83.48 | 77.31 | 60.13 | 50.59 | 60.13 | 50.59 | 61.22 | 62.21 |
24 | 55 | 2.5 | 8.25 | 480 | 93.28 | 95.76 | 55.17 | 49.96 | 55.17 | 49.96 | 67.51 | 66.56 |
25 | 55 | 1.5 | 8.25 | 255 | 60.21 | 70.61 | 48.17 | 47.54 | 48.17 | 47.54 | 75.93 | 75.76 |
26 | 55 | 1.5 | 8.25 | 255 | 76.95 | 70.61 | 49.53 | 47.54 | 49.53 | 47.54 | 74.93 | 75.76 |
27 | 55 | 1.5 | 8.25 | 255 | 72.94 | 70.61 | 48.30 | 47.54 | 48.30 | 47.54 | 75.41 | 75.76 |
Factors | y1 | p-Value | y2 | p-Value | y3 | p-Value | y4 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regression | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
Linear | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
Squares | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
Interaction | 0.013 | 0.000 | 0.038 | 0.024 | ||||
Constant | −116.761 | 0.203 | −57.8367 | 0.408 | −190.337 | 0.000 | −31.8992 | 0.355 |
x1 | 3.421 | 0.110 | −0.9430 | 0.428 | 6.167 | 0.000 | 1.9866 | 0.003 |
x2 | 55.453 | 0.010 | 33.1444 | 0.007 | −0.313 | 0.865 | −5.3641 | 0.009 |
x3 | −6.253 | 0.511 | 34.2940 | 0.007 | 5.799 | 0.020 | 13.9083 | 0.041 |
x4 | 0.219 | 0.000 | 0.0542 | 0.210 | 0.158 | 0.027 | 0.0609 | 0.001 |
x1*x1 | −0.056 | 0.001 | −0.0286 | 0.003 | −0.050 | 0.000 | −0.0174 | 0.004 |
x2*x2 | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||
x3*x3 | NS | −3.3472 | 0.000 | NS | −0.9596 | 0.022 | ||
x4*x4 | 0.000 | 0.005 | −0.0002 | 0.000 | NS | −0.0002 | 0.000 | |
x1*x2 | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||
x1*x3 | 0.360 | 0.032 | 0.4761 | 0.000 | NS | NS | ||
x1*x4 | NS | 0.0014 | 0.050 | NS | NS | |||
x2*x3 | −5.603 | 0.027 | −4.0816 | 0.006 | NS | NS | ||
x2*x4 | NS | NS | NS | 0.0157 | 0.024 | |||
x3*x4 | NS | NS | −0.018 | 0.038 | NS | |||
R2 | 91.27% | 89.96% | 74.62% | 84.56% | ||||
R2-adj | 87.40% | 83.68% | 67.01% | 77.70% | ||||
Lack of fit | 0.665 | 0.060 | 0.013 | 0.027 | ||||
f-value | 23.54 | 14.33 | 9.80 | 12.33 |
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Hussein, F.A.; Chay, S.Y.; Zarei, M.; Auwal, S.M.; Hamid, A.A.; Wan Ibadullah, W.Z.; Saari, N. Whey Protein Concentrate as a Novel Source of Bifunctional Peptides with Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme Inhibitory and Antioxidant Properties: RSM Study. Foods 2020, 9, 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9010064
Hussein FA, Chay SY, Zarei M, Auwal SM, Hamid AA, Wan Ibadullah WZ, Saari N. Whey Protein Concentrate as a Novel Source of Bifunctional Peptides with Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme Inhibitory and Antioxidant Properties: RSM Study. Foods. 2020; 9(1):64. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9010064
Chicago/Turabian StyleHussein, Fatima Abdelhameed, Shyan Yea Chay, Mohammad Zarei, Shehu Muhammad Auwal, Azizah Abdul Hamid, Wan Zunairah Wan Ibadullah, and Nazamid Saari. 2020. "Whey Protein Concentrate as a Novel Source of Bifunctional Peptides with Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme Inhibitory and Antioxidant Properties: RSM Study" Foods 9, no. 1: 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9010064