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Volume 14
Issue 22
10.3390/foods14223953
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Probiotics Attenuate Food Allergy via Short-Chain Fatty Acids-Mediated Immune Modulation and Gut Barrier Restoration

by
Xue Feng
1,†,
Liuying Li
1,†,
Li Yan
1,
Zhencong Yan
1,
Zhoujin Xu
1,
Yuting Fan
1,
Philippe Madjirebaye
2,* and
Xuli Wu
1,*
1
School of Public Health, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
2
Department of General Practice Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Allergy Division, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Foods 2025, 14(22), 3953; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14223953
Submission received: 15 October 2025 / Revised: 8 November 2025 / Accepted: 14 November 2025 / Published: 18 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Food Nutrition)
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Abstract

The rising global prevalence of food allergy (FA) necessitates innovative therapeutic strategies. This study investigates the protective effects of three probiotic strains, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HN001 (HN001), Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 (HN019), and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM (NCFM) against FA in a murine model. Probiotic administration significantly alleviated allergic symptoms and suppressed the Th2 response, reducing IgE, histamine, and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-2/5), while concurrently enhancing CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell (Treg) activity and TGF-β1 expression. Treatment also restored intestinal integrity by upregulating tight junction proteins (ZO-1, claudin-1). 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that protection was underpinned by microbiota remodeling, marked by increased α-diversity and enrichment of SCFA-producing taxa (Lachnospiraceae and Muribaculaceae), which correlated with elevated acetate, butyrate, and propionate levels. Spearman analysis linked these microbial shifts to improved immune and barrier markers. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that probiotics mitigate FA through a convergent mechanism of immune rebalancing, barrier reinforcement, and SCFA-mediated microbiota-immune crosstalk, offering a promising microbiome-targeted therapy.
Keywords: probiotics; food allergy; short-chain fatty acids; regulatory T cells (Tregs); gut microbiota; intestinal barrier probiotics; food allergy; short-chain fatty acids; regulatory T cells (Tregs); gut microbiota; intestinal barrier
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MDPI and ACS Style

Feng, X.; Li, L.; Yan, L.; Yan, Z.; Xu, Z.; Fan, Y.; Madjirebaye, P.; Wu, X. Probiotics Attenuate Food Allergy via Short-Chain Fatty Acids-Mediated Immune Modulation and Gut Barrier Restoration. Foods 2025, 14, 3953. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14223953

AMA Style

Feng X, Li L, Yan L, Yan Z, Xu Z, Fan Y, Madjirebaye P, Wu X. Probiotics Attenuate Food Allergy via Short-Chain Fatty Acids-Mediated Immune Modulation and Gut Barrier Restoration. Foods. 2025; 14(22):3953. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14223953

Chicago/Turabian Style

Feng, Xue, Liuying Li, Li Yan, Zhencong Yan, Zhoujin Xu, Yuting Fan, Philippe Madjirebaye, and Xuli Wu. 2025. "Probiotics Attenuate Food Allergy via Short-Chain Fatty Acids-Mediated Immune Modulation and Gut Barrier Restoration" Foods 14, no. 22: 3953. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14223953

APA Style

Feng, X., Li, L., Yan, L., Yan, Z., Xu, Z., Fan, Y., Madjirebaye, P., & Wu, X. (2025). Probiotics Attenuate Food Allergy via Short-Chain Fatty Acids-Mediated Immune Modulation and Gut Barrier Restoration. Foods, 14(22), 3953. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14223953

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