Next Article in Journal
Poultry Food Assess Risk Model for Salmonella and Chicken Eggs in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Previous Article in Journal
Physicochemical Characterization of Camellia oleifera Husks from Different Regions and Microwave-Assisted RSM Optimization of Tea Saponin Extraction
Previous Article in Special Issue
Discrimination Between Commercial Tomato Juices from Non-Concentrate and Concentrate Based on Their Volatile Profiles
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Foods
Volume 14
Issue 19
10.3390/foods14193381
foods-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Volatile Fingerprinting and Regional Differentiation of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Using GC–IMS Combined with OPLS-DA

by
Jiaqi Liu
1,
Hao Duan
1,
Li Wang
2,
Rui Qin
3,
Jiao Liu
3,
Hong Liu
3,
Shuyuan Bao
4 and
Wenjie Yan
1,*
1
College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
2
Metrology and Food & Drug Testing Center of Shunyi, Beijing 100029, China
3
School of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
4
Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Foods 2025, 14(19), 3381; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14193381 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 19 August 2025 / Revised: 23 September 2025 / Accepted: 26 September 2025 / Published: 29 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Volatile Flavor Analysis on Food Quality: Application by Volatilomics and Recent Analytical Technologies)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study aimed to systematically characterize the volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) from eight major production regions, providing a scientific basis for quality evaluation and geographical traceability. VOC profiling was conducted using gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC–IMS), and regional differences were assessed through multivariate statistical analyses, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS–DA), Euclidean distance, and hierarchical clustering. Key differential compounds were identified by variable importance in projection (VIP) and relative odor activity value (ROAV) analyses, with aldehydes and esters emerging as the primary contributors to the discrimination of samples across regions. VOC fingerprints of safflower were further established, and a combined VIP–ROAV strategy was proposed for the screening of characteristic compounds. These findings provide a reliable reference for safflower quality control and offer practical guidance for its geographical authentication in the food industry.
Keywords: safflower; volatile organic compounds; geographical origin; GC–IMS; OPLS–DA; hierarchical clustering safflower; volatile organic compounds; geographical origin; GC–IMS; OPLS–DA; hierarchical clustering

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Liu, J.; Duan, H.; Wang, L.; Qin, R.; Liu, J.; Liu, H.; Bao, S.; Yan, W. Volatile Fingerprinting and Regional Differentiation of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Using GC–IMS Combined with OPLS-DA. Foods 2025, 14, 3381. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14193381

AMA Style

Liu J, Duan H, Wang L, Qin R, Liu J, Liu H, Bao S, Yan W. Volatile Fingerprinting and Regional Differentiation of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Using GC–IMS Combined with OPLS-DA. Foods. 2025; 14(19):3381. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14193381

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Jiaqi, Hao Duan, Li Wang, Rui Qin, Jiao Liu, Hong Liu, Shuyuan Bao, and Wenjie Yan. 2025. "Volatile Fingerprinting and Regional Differentiation of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Using GC–IMS Combined with OPLS-DA" Foods 14, no. 19: 3381. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14193381

APA Style

Liu, J., Duan, H., Wang, L., Qin, R., Liu, J., Liu, H., Bao, S., & Yan, W. (2025). Volatile Fingerprinting and Regional Differentiation of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Using GC–IMS Combined with OPLS-DA. Foods, 14(19), 3381. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14193381

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop