UHPLC-MS Phenolic Fingerprinting, Aorta Endothelium Relaxation Effect, Antioxidant, and Enzyme Inhibition Activities of Azara dentata Ruiz & Pav Berries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Plant Material
2.3. Extraction Procedure
2.4. Determination of Proximal Composition
2.5. Determination of Heavy Metals and Multi-Element Determination via ICP-MS
2.6. LC Parameters and MS Parameters
2.7. Determination of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content
2.8. Antioxidant Capacity
2.8.1. DPPH Scavenging Activity
2.8.2. Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay (FRAP)
2.8.3. Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Activity (TEAC) Assay
2.8.4. Assay of Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC)
2.8.5. Lipid Peroxidation in Human Erythrocytes
2.9. Determination of Enzymatic Activity
2.10. Isolation of Rat Aorta-Vascular Reactivity Assays
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physico-Chemical Properties of A. dentata Fruits
3.2. UHPLC–MS Analysis of Extracts
3.3. Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents and Antioxidant Activity
3.4. Enzymatic Inhibitory Activity
3.5. Effect of A. dentata on Vascular Relaxation: Role of the Endothelium
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composition | A. dentata Fruits |
---|---|
Moisture (%) | 11.8 ± 0.26 |
Ash (%) | 4.5 ± 0.02 |
Proteins (%) | 4.3 ± 0.01 |
Crude fiber (%) | 6.7 ± 0.38 |
Fatty matter (%) | 0.6 ± 0.08 |
Carbohydrates (%) | 72.1 ± 0.47 |
Energy (kcal/100 g) | 366 |
Minerals | |
Ca (mg/kg) | 2434 ± 40 |
Mg (mg/kg) | 702 ± 13 |
Fe (mg/kg) | 117.1 ± 1.6 |
Zn (mg/kg) | 16.1 ± 0.4 |
Heavy metals | |
As(µg/kg) | 121 ± 11 |
Cd (µg/kg) | 152 ± 5 |
Hg(µg/kg) | 7.7 ± 1.3 |
Pb (µg/kg) | 294 ± 4 |
Peak # | Retention Time (min) | Uv Max | Tentative Identification | Elemental Composition | Measured Mass (m/z) | Theoretical Mass (m/z) | Accuracy (δ ppm) | MSfragments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.5 | 255-325 | Ferulic acid 3-O-glucoside | C16H20O9 | 355.1029 | 355.1035 | −1.6 | 193.0506, 179.0493 |
2 | 2.11 | 255-325 | 3-Feruloylquinic acid | C17H20O9 | 367.1044 | 367.1035 | 2.5 | 193.0506, 179.0493, 191.0465 |
3 | 2.8 | 246-330 | Chlorogenic acid | C16H18O9 | 353.0847 | 353.08824 | 2.3 | 179.0338, 191.0468 |
4 | 3.2 | 255-355 | Myricetin 3-O-glucoside | C21H20O13 | 479.0828 | 479.0831 | −0.7 | 317.0302 |
5 | 9.82 | 238 278 | Carboxyumbelliferyl glucuronide | C16H13O11 | 381.0468 | 381.0462 | 1.22 | 277.1248, 123.04440 |
6 | 10.00 | 238 278 | Tachioside | C13H18O8 | 301.0883 | 301.0928 | −0.0 | 139.0399 |
7 | 10.25 | 278 | Isotachioside | C13H18O8 | 301.0882 | 301.0928 | −0.0 | 139.0400 |
8 | 10.30 | 275-325 | Trans-p-Coumaric acid | C9H8O3 | 163.0404 | 163.0401 | 2.3 | 119.0495 |
9 | 10.65 | 280 | Microphyllaquinone | C27H19O6 | 439.1212 | 439.1193 | 0.0 | 879.2455 (2M-H−) |
10 | 11.21 | 279 | Daphnotin B | C26H25O9 | 481.1327 | 481.1502 | 13.4 | 423.1610 |
11 | 11.32 | 265-325-365 | Kaempferol 3-O-feruloyl-sophorotrioside | C43H48O24 | 947.2457 | 947.2463 | −0.6 | 449.1083, 325.0559, 285.0399 |
12 | 11.72 | 279 | Grandisin | C24H32O7 | 431.1899 | 431.2082 | 18.2 | 169.05063 |
13 | 12.19 | 279 | Catechin-4-ol 3-O-glucoside | C21H23O12 | 467.1160 | 467.1192 | 0.0 | 935.2375 (2M-H-), 439.1212, 305.0666, 289.0717 |
14 | 12.53 | 254 354 | Isorhamnetin 7-O-rhamnoside | C22H22O11 | 461.1085 | 461.1089 | −1.0 | 315.0510, 179.0345 |
15 | 13.10 | 279 | Edgeworoside C | C24H19O10 | 467.0985 | 467.1159 | 17.1 | 161.0423, 935.2363 (2M-H−) |
16 | 14.38 | Azalein | C22H21O11 | 461.1064 | 461.1092 | −2 | 423.1634 | |
17 | 15.37 | 276-513 | Cyanidin 3-O-(2″-xylosyl-6″-(6″-caffeoyl-glucosyl)-galactoside) | C41H45O23 | 904.2266 | 904.2279 | −1.5 | 287.0555 |
18 | 15.82 | 281 | Sakuranin | C22H23O10 | 447.1235 | 447.1242 | −6.12 | 301.0872, 285.2832 |
19 | 17.14 | 254 354 | Rutin | C27H31O17 | 609.1465 | 609.1562 | 8.3 | 564.3275, 463.1235, 301.0348 |
20 | 18.13 | Isorhoifolin | C27H30O14 | 577.1557 | 577.1563 | −1.0 | 533.1981, 301.0341 | |
21 | 19.2 | 280-513 | Pelargonidin 3,5 diglucoside | C27H31O5 | 595.1601 | 595.1663 | −0.0 | 271.0606 |
22 | 19.7 | 276-523 | Delphinidin 3-O-glucoside | C27H31O5 | 465.1534 | 465.1033 | −21 | 303.0504 |
23 | 20.3 | 275-525 | Peonidin 3-O-glucoside | C27H31O5 | 463.1124 | 463.1240 | −2.2 | 325.0881, 301.2740 |
24 | 20.40 | Albizinin | C27H31O17 | 627.1679 | 627.1662 | 11.2 | 481.1323 | |
25 | 20.7 | 276-523 | Petunidin 3-O-glucoside | C27H31O5 | 479.1189 | 479.1189 | 0.0 | 317.0661 |
26 | 21.5 | 276-513 | Cyanidin 3,7-di-O-beta-D-glucoside | C27H31O5 | 611.1511 | 611.16121 | 1.6 | 449.1083 (M-glu), 433.1090 393.2050, 325.0881, 287.0554 |
27 | 22.3 | 279 | Coumarin | C9H6O2 | 145.0299 | 145.0295 | 2.6 | |
28 | 22.5 | Unknown | C27H11O11 | 511.0322 | 511.0322 | 0.0 | ||
29 | 23.1 | Unknown | C10H14O | 481.1327 | 481.1321 | 1.2 |
Assay | TPC a | TFC b | DPPH c | FRAP c | TEAC c | ORAC c | LE d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethanolic extract | 23.50 ± 0.93 | 10.75 ± 0.62 | 28.64 ± 1.87 | 25.32 ± 0.23 | 34.72 ± 2.33 | 64.95± 1.23 | 98.06 ± 7.11 |
Assay | AChE | BChE | Tyrosinase | Amylase | Glucosidase | Lipase |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethanolic extract | 2.87 ± 0.23 | 6.73 ± 0.07 | 9.25 ± 0.15 | 5.6 ± 0.0 | 360.9 ± 0.0 | 30.8 ± 0.0 |
Galantamine | 0.55 ± 0.03 | 3.82 ± 0.02 | - | - | - | - |
Acarbose | - | - | - | 6.48 ± 0.0 | 6.5 ± 0.0 | - |
Orlistat | - | - | - | - | - | 1.9 ± 0.0 |
Kojic acid | - | - | 0.76 ± 0.05 | - | - | - |
Control | Rubbed | Control | L-NAME |
---|---|---|---|
2.29 ± 0.10 | 2.85 ± 0.31 | 1.97 ± 0.18 | 2.58 ± 0.62 |
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Ramos, L.C.; Palacios, J.; Barrientos, R.E.; Gómez, J.; Castagnini, J.M.; Barba, F.J.; Tapia, A.; Paredes, A.; Cifuentes, F.; Simirgiotis, M.J. UHPLC-MS Phenolic Fingerprinting, Aorta Endothelium Relaxation Effect, Antioxidant, and Enzyme Inhibition Activities of Azara dentata Ruiz & Pav Berries. Foods 2023, 12, 643. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12030643
Ramos LC, Palacios J, Barrientos RE, Gómez J, Castagnini JM, Barba FJ, Tapia A, Paredes A, Cifuentes F, Simirgiotis MJ. UHPLC-MS Phenolic Fingerprinting, Aorta Endothelium Relaxation Effect, Antioxidant, and Enzyme Inhibition Activities of Azara dentata Ruiz & Pav Berries. Foods. 2023; 12(3):643. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12030643
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamos, Lucia Cuesta, Javier Palacios, Ruth E. Barrientos, Jessica Gómez, Juan Manuel Castagnini, Francisco J. Barba, Alejandro Tapia, Adrián Paredes, Fredi Cifuentes, and Mario J. Simirgiotis. 2023. "UHPLC-MS Phenolic Fingerprinting, Aorta Endothelium Relaxation Effect, Antioxidant, and Enzyme Inhibition Activities of Azara dentata Ruiz & Pav Berries" Foods 12, no. 3: 643. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12030643