Tunicates as Sources of High-Quality Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds for Food/Feed and Pharmaceutical Applications: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Tunicates and Its Life Cycle
3. The Chemical Compositions of Tunicates
Tunicates | Water (%) | Ash (%) | Protein (%) | Carbohydrate (%) | Lipids (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyclosalpa affinis | 97.61 | 62.64 ± 1.91 | 6.96 ± 2.92 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 1.03 ± 0.08 | [22] |
Cyclosalpa sp. | 95.72 ± 0.31 | 55.21 | 9.09 | 0.84 | 3.73 | [22] |
Iasis zonaria | 96.51 ± 0.57 | 76.42 ± 4.10 | 10.16 ± 0.77 | 2.39 ± 0.27 | 1.68 ± 0.08 | [22] |
Salpa fusiformis | 96.17 | 68.53 ± 2.01 | 2.57 ± 0.20 | 0.63 ± 0.03 | 1.52 ± 0.78 | [22] |
Salpa maxima | 96.98 ± 0.31 | 60 | 9.94 | 1.32 | 3.81 | [22] |
Salp unknown | 96.20 ± 0.29 | 60.21 | 14.09 ± 0.23 | 2.14 ± 0.13 | 3.13 ± 0.75 | [22] |
Thalia democratica | 95.04 ± 0.05 | 70.07 ± 2.05 | 9.07 ± 1.21 | 1.11 ± 0.08 | 1.44 ± 0.26 | [22] |
Thetys vagina | 95.05 | 67.54 ± 4.03 | 3.86 ± 1.68 | 0.99 ± 0.11 | 0.68 ± 0.06 | [22] |
Cnemidocarpa verrucosa | - | 38.8 ± 1.70 | 6.20 ± 0.50 | 0.70 ± 0.05 | 4.90 ± 0.90 | [23] |
Salpa fusiformis | - | 66.41 ± 3.85 | 0.50 ± 0.15 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.18 | [24] |
Salpa thompsoni | 96.90 | 54.90 | 9.20 | 1.10 | 5.50 | [25] |
4. Chemical Constituents of Tunicates
5. Tunicates as a Source of Nutrients for Food and Feed Applications
5.1. Tunicate Species for Food Applications
5.2. Tunicate Species for Feed Applications
6. Tunicates as Sources of Bioactive Compounds
6.1. Natural Products from Tunicates
Tunicate Species | Chemical Compound | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|
Polycarpaaurata | Chrodrimanins A and H | Inhibited the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B | [66,67] |
Microbulbifer sp. | Bulbiferates A and B | Antibacterial | [68] |
Unidentified ascidian from Tweed Heads | Diterpene glycoside sordarin | Antifungal activity | [69] |
Ecteinascidia turbinata | Ecteinamycin | Against microbial Clostridium difficile NAP1/B1/027 | [70] |
Penicillium verruculosum | Verruculides A and chrodrimanins A and H | Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibition | [71] |
Ecteinascidia turbinata | Halomadurones C and D | Activated nuclear factor E2-related factor antioxidant response element (Nrf2-ARE) | [72] |
Pseudoalteromonas rubra | Isatin | Antibacterial | [73] |
Pseudoalteromonas tunicata | Tambjamine | Antifungal | [74] |
Ecteinascidia turbinata | Bisanthraquinones 1 and 2 | Cytotoxic against HCT116 cells Antimicrobial activity | [75] |
Synoicum prunum | Prunolides A, B, and C | Inhibited the growth of HeLa cells | [40] |
Saccharopolyspora sp. | JBIR-66 | Cytotoxic | [76] |
Molgula manhattensis | Granaticin, granatomycin D, and dihydrogranaticin B | Antimicrobial | [77] |
Clavelina picta | Piclavines A–C | Antimicrobial | [78] |
Didemnum molle | trichodermamides A and B | Antimicrobial | [79] |
Unidentified ascidian from Hiroshima | Gifhornenolone A | Inhibited the activity of an androgen receptor | [80] |
Ectcinascidia turbinata | Oxepinamide A | Anti-inflammatory activity on mouse ear edema | [81] |
6.2. Antimicrobial Activity
6.3. Antitumor and Anticancer Activities
6.4. Antidiabetic Activity
6.5. Antioxidant Activity
6.6. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
6.7. Bioactive Compounds Explored in Clinical Trials
7. Conclusions and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tunicates Species | Ciona intestinalis | Ascidia sp. | Ciona intestinalis | Halocynthia roretzi | Salpa thompsoni | Styela clava | Pyura michaelseni |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude protein (%) | 30.86 | 41.34 | 51.82 | 43.05 | 4.40 | 8.30 | 12.30 |
Crude lipid (%) | - | - | - | - | - | 2.10 | 1.40 |
Cellulose (%) | 57.67 | 37.57 | 37.29 | 52.59 | - | - | - |
Lipids calculated by fatty acid (%) | 0.35 | 0.98 | 0.42 | 0.18 | 5.70 | - | - |
Total sugar (%) | - | - | - | - | - | 1.50 | 2.70 |
Fatty Acid (%) | Styela plicata | Ascidia sp. | Ciona intestinalis | Halocynthia roretzi | Halocynthia aurantium | Cystodytes violatinctus | Pyrosoma atlanticum | Cystoseira tamariscifolia | Cynthia squamulata |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C12:0 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.20 | - | 2.55 | 2.36 |
C14:0 | 0.68 | 3.76 | 2.08 | 4.10 | 4.90 | 4.50 | 6.93 | 3.40 | 3.71 |
C15:0 | 2.04 | 1.18 | 0.83 | 6.10 | 4.60 | 1.50 | 1.40 | 4.37 | 4.69 |
C16:1 | 4.08 | 6.35 | 8.33 | 2.10 | - | 1.26 | 2.51 | 5.36 | 6.14 |
C16:0 | 15.31 | 20.94 | 11.67 | 25.40 | 18.10 | 21.20 | 16.48 | 5.08 | 5.83 |
C17:0 | 7.48 | 1.18 | 1.25 | 7.20 | 6.50 | 4.80 | 0.77 | 6.22 | 6.47 |
C18:4 | 0.34 | 1.41 | 0.83 | - | - | - | 3.95 | 11.71 | 12.14 |
C18:3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.11 | 9.84 | 9.76 |
C18:2 | 1.36 | 0.71 | 1.67 | - | - | - | 2.34 | 9.09 | 8.97 |
C18:1 | 15.65 | 25.41 | 14.58 | - | - | 20.0 | 6.78 | 8.25 | 8.85 |
C18:0 | 11.22 | 12.71 | 6.25 | 16.80 | 18.60 | 24.80 | 1.19 | 7.75 | 8.53 |
C19:0 | - | - | - | - | 2.30 | 3.60 | - | - | - |
C20:5 | 25.85 | 6.82 | 24.58 | - | - | - | 0.19 | 21.41 | 20.74 |
C20:4 | 0.34 | 2.35 | 0.42 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C20:2 | 1.7 | 1.65 | 0.83 | - | - | - | 0.13 | - | - |
C20:1 | 3.06 | 7.76 | 10.83 | - | - | - | 0.75 | - | - |
C20:0 | 0.34 | 0.47 | 1.67 | 2.50 | 5.00 | 3.10 | 0.19 | - | 17.35 |
C21:0 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.30 | - | - | - |
C22:6 | 5.78 | 2.59 | 12.92 | - | - | - | - | - | 40.13 |
C22:1 | 3.4 | 2.12 | 1.33 | 4.10 | - | - | - | - | - |
C22:0 | 1.36 | 2.59 | 0.33 | - | 25.80 | 0.40 | 0.06 | - | - |
C23:0 | - | - | - | - | 4.50 | - | - | - | - |
C24:0 | - | - | - | - | 2.10 | - | - | - | - |
SFA | 38.43 | 42.83 | 24.08 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
MUFA | 26.19 | 41.64 | 35.07 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
PUFA | 35.37 | 15.53 | 41.25 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
UFA | 61.56 | 57.17 | 76.32 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
ω-3 ratio | 31.97 | 10.82 | 38.33 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
ω-6 ratio | 3.4 | 4.71 | 2.92 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
ω-6/ω-3 ratio | 0.11 | 0.44 | 0.08 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Tunicate Species | Bioactive Compound | Activity against | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Cynthia savignyi | Cynthichlorine | A. radiobacter, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Botrytis cinerea, Verticillium albo atrum | [88] |
Eusynstyela tincta | Clavanins | E. coli, L. monocytogenes, C. albicans | [89] |
Pseudodistoma antinboja | Cadiolides J–M | Gram-positive bacteria | [90] |
Styela clava | Clavanins A–D | Pathogenic L. monocytogenes, C. albicans | [91] |
Diplosoma sp. | Diplamine | E. coli, S. aureus | [92] |
Eusynstyela latericius | Eusynstyelamides A and B | S. aureus | [64] |
Halocynthia papillosa | Halocyntin and papillosin | Gram-positive and Gram-negative marine bacteria | [87] |
Halocynthia roretzi | Halocyamines A and B | Bacteria and yeasts | [93] |
Halocynthia aureum | Halocidin | Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa | [94] |
Eusynstyela tincta | Kuanoniamine A | B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus, V. cholerae, and V. parahaemolyticus and fungi A. fumigatus and C. albicans | [89] |
Ciona intestinalis | Salt-tolerant peptide | Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria | [95] |
unidentified tunicate | Talaropeptides A and B | Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis | [96] |
Didemnum sp. | Terretriones C and D | C. albicans | [97] |
Pseudoalteromonas tunicata | 190-kDa protein | Marine isolates | [98] |
Bioactive Compound | Tunicate Species | Natural Product or Derivative | Biosynthetic Class of Agent | Molecular Target | Disease Area | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trabectedin (ET-743/Ecteinascidine 743/Yondelis©) | Ecteinascidia turbinate | Natural product | NRPS-derived alkaloid | Minor groove of DNA | Cancer | [128] |
Lurbinectedin (PM01183/Zepzelca©) | Ecteinascidia turbinat | Derivative; trabectedin analog | NRPS-alkaloid | Minor groove of DNA and nucleotide excision repair | Cancer | [129] |
Midostaurine (PKC-412/CGP41251/Rydapt©) | Tunicates | Semisynthetic analogue of staurosporine | Indolocarbazole | Flt-3 and PKC | Cancer | [130] |
Plitidepsin (dehydrodidemnin B/Aplidine©) | Aplidium albicans | Natural product | Cyclic depsipeptide | Rac1 and JNK activation | Cancer | [104,131] |
Lestaurtinib (CEP-701) | Tunicates | Synthetic analogue of Staurosporine | Indolocarbazole | Flt-3, JAK-2, Trk-A, Trk-B, and Trk-C | Cancer | [132] |
Enzastaurin (LY317615) | Ascidian | Synthetic analogue of Staurosporine | Indolocarbazole | PKCβ and GSK-3β | Cancer | NCT00332202 |
Becatecarin (NSC 655649) | Tunicates | Synthetic analogue of Staurosporine | Indolocarbazole | Potent stabilizers of DNA | Cancer | [133] |
Didemnin B | Trididemnum solidum | Natural product | Cyclic depsipeptide | Anti-viral agent | Cancer | [134] |
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Gao, P.; Khong, H.Y.; Mao, W.; Chen, X.; Bao, L.; Wen, X.; Xu, Y. Tunicates as Sources of High-Quality Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds for Food/Feed and Pharmaceutical Applications: A Review. Foods 2023, 12, 3684. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12193684
Gao P, Khong HY, Mao W, Chen X, Bao L, Wen X, Xu Y. Tunicates as Sources of High-Quality Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds for Food/Feed and Pharmaceutical Applications: A Review. Foods. 2023; 12(19):3684. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12193684
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Pingping, Heng Yen Khong, Wenhui Mao, Xiaoyun Chen, Lingxiang Bao, Xinru Wen, and Yan Xu. 2023. "Tunicates as Sources of High-Quality Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds for Food/Feed and Pharmaceutical Applications: A Review" Foods 12, no. 19: 3684. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12193684