Analysis and Comparison of Nutrition Profiles of Canine Milk with Bovine and Caprine Milk
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Collection of Milk Samples
2.3. Analysis of Basic Chemical Composition
2.4. SDS-PAGE Analysis
2.5. Analysis of Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC)
2.6. Analysis of Fatty Acids (FAs)
2.7. Analysis of Minerals
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of the Chemical Composition of Bovine, Caprine, and Canine Milk
3.2. Protein Profiles of Bovine, Caprine, and Canine Milk by SDS-PAGE
3.3. Identification of Proteins in Canine, Bovine, and Caprine Milk by RP-HPLC
3.4. The Fatty Acid Profile Composition of Canine, Bovine, and Caprine Milk
3.5. Mineral Contents in Canine, Bovine, and Caprine Milk
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nutrient | Holstein | Saanen | Golden Retriever | Labrador | Caucasian Sheepdog | Rottweiler |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moisture | 88.64 ± 0.11 a | 87.62 ± 0.1 a | 79.41 ± 0.16 b | 78.45 ± 0.65 b | 78.79 ± 0.08 b | 64.97 ± 0.47 c |
Dry matter | 11.36 ± 0.11 a | 12.38 ± 0.1 a | 20.59 ± 0.16 b | 22.23 ± 1.73 c | 21.21 ± 0.08 bc | 35.03 ± 0.47 d |
Crude protein | 3.12 ± 0.14 a | 3.09 ± 0.05 a | 7.57 ± 0.5 b | 8.34 ± 0.06 c | 6.62 ± 0.06 d | 17.34 ± 0.28 e |
Fat | 3.71 ± 0.24 a | 4.45 ± 0.31 b | 8.92 ± 0.17 c | 9.94 ± 0.52 d | 9.56 ± 0.28 d | 14.31 ± 0.29 e |
Ash | 0.82 ± 0.01 a | 0.88 ± 0.02 a | 1.23 ± 0.04 c | 1.19 ± 0.08 bc | 1.11 ± 0.04 b | 1.81 ± 0.05 d |
Lactose | 3.71 ± 0.25 a | 3.95 ± 0.38 a | 2.86 ± 0.64 ab | 2.76 ± 1.53 ab | 3.92 ± 0.33 a | 1.56 ± 0.33 b |
Holstein | Saanen | Golden Retriever | Labrador | Caucasian Sheepdog | Rottweiler | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
αs1-CN | 9.45 ± 0.37 b | 3.16 ± 0.44 a | 9.67 ± 0.60 b | 4.27 ± 0.24 a | 7.76 ± 1.04 b | 30.98 ± 3.95 c |
αs2-CN | 1.86 ± 0.04 a | 7.26 ± 0.28 b | ND | 4.83 ± 0.78 c | 4.30 ± 0.43 c | 6.73 ± 0.63 b |
β-CN | 6.59 ± 0.31 a | 9.19 ± 0.66 b | 2.27 ± 0.83 c | 5.19 ± 0.46 d | 6.50 ± 0.49 a | 17.26 ± 0.17 e |
κ-CN | 3.20 ± 0.02 a | 5.74 ± 0.16 b | ND | ND | ND | ND |
β-LG | 3.35 ± 0.82 a | 2.79 ± 0.76 a | 7.84 ± 1.25 b | 12.56 ± 3.11 d | 11.5 ± 0.73 cd | 8.69 ± 0.88 bc |
α-LA | 0.78 ± 0.18 a | 0.67 ± 0.07 a | 0.92 ± 0.10 a | 4.08 ± 0.18 b | 3.59 ± 0.35 c | 4.99 ± 0.49 d |
Holstein | Saanen | Golden Retriever | Labrador | Caucasian Sheepdog | Rottweiler | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C4:0 | 0.48 ± 0.11 a | 0.64 ± 0.19 a | 0.25 ± 0.08 b | 0.24 ± 0.04 b | 0.26 ± 0.11 b | 0.15 ± 0.06 b |
C6:0 | 0.94 ± 0.18 ab | 2.06 ± 0.31 c | 0.76 ± 0.04 ab | 0.82 ± 0.1 ab | 0.62 ± 0.06 a | 1.01 ± 0.25 b |
C10:0 | 0.78 ± 0.04 b | 2.43 ± 0.48 a | 0.30 ± 0.1 c | 0.17 ± 0.03 c | 0.43 ± 0.03 bc | 0.19 ± 0.03 c |
C12:0 | 2.29 ± 0.08 a | 2.94 ± 0.21 b | 0.31 ± 0.02 d | 0.09 ± 0.01 e | 0.69 ± 0.03 c | 0.10 ± 0.02 e |
C14:0 | 13.36 ± 0.6 a | 13.93 ± 0.54 a | 3.25 ± 0.08 c | 3.23 ± 0.7 c | 5.28 ± 0.14 b | 1.63 ± 0.06 d |
C14:1 | 0.68 ± 0.04 a | 0.28 ± 0.05 b | 0.08 ± 0.01 c | 0.12 ± 0.06 c | 0.16 ± 0.01 c | ND |
C16:0 | 38.50 ± 0.87 a | 36.71 ± 0.93 ab | 33.96 ± 0.7 ab | 32.39 ± 7.88 ab | 32.68 ± 5.58 ab | 30.03 ± 5.03 b |
C16:1 | ND | ND | 2.28 ± 0.17 a | 4.11 ± 0.16 b | 1.77 ± 0.08 c | 3.36 ± 0.02 d |
C17:0 | 1.47 ± 0.01 a | 1.01 ± 0.04 b | 0.41 ± 0.07 c | 0.40 ± 0.04 c | 0.42 ± 0.02 c | 0.43 ± 0.03 c |
C17:1 | ND | ND | ND | 0.31 ± 0.02 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 b | 0.23 ± 0.02 a |
C18:0 | 11.76 ± 0.07 bc | 12.15 ± 0.76 c | 12.03 ± 0.83 c | 12.15 ± 1.88 c | 9.50 ± 1.41 a | 9.86 ± 0.76 ab |
C18:1n9t | 5.30 ± 0.57 a | 0.46 ± 0.11 b | 12.81 ± 1.58 d | 11.12 ± 1.09 cd | 9.27 ± 1.50 c | 11.59 ± 2.17 cd |
C18:1n9c | 20.24 ± 0.18 ab | 23.03 ± 0.59 a | 14.52 ± 2.54 c | 16.88 ± 4.82 bc | 17.15 ± 0.51 bc | 17.69 ± 3.35 bc |
C18:2n6t | ND | ND | 0.21 ± 0.13 a | 0.43 ± 0.23 a | 0.17 ± 0.05 a | 0.33 ± 0.03 a |
C18:2n6c | 1.32 ± 0.06 a | 1.08 ± 0.25 a | 11.79 ± 2.03 b | 11.24 ± 4.56 b | 13.58 ± 1.19 b | 15.41 ± 2.79 b |
C20:0 | 0.39 ± 0.09 b | 0.73 ± 0.11 c | 0.19 ± 0.01 a | 0.21 ± 0.10 ab | 1.09 ± 0.16 d | 0.20 ± 0.05 a |
C18:3n6 | 0.11 ± 0.02 a | 0.16 ± 0.02 a | 0.26 ± 0.11 a | 0.32 ± 0.01 a | 1.48 ± 0.47 b | 0.32 ± 0.05 a |
C20:1 | 0.17 ± 0.02 a | 0.11 ± 0.02 a | 0.24 ± 0.06 a | 0.59 ± 0.11 b | 0.50 ± 0.08 b | 0.56 ± 0.08 b |
C18:3n3 | 0.30 ± 0.07 cd | 0.60 ± 0.02 e | 0.19 ± 0.01 bc | 0.09 ± 0.06 a | 0.08 ± 0.02 ab | 0.40 ± 0.03 d |
C21:0 | ND | 0.20 ± 0.11 a | 1.38 ± 0.84 b | 0.66 ± 0.03 ab | 0.76 ± 0.05 ab | 0.91 ± 0.15 ab |
C20:2 | 0.74 ± 0.06 a | 0.96 ± 0.35 ab | 2.58 ± 0.44 d | 1.09 ± 0.17 abc | 1.33 ± 0.24 bc | 1.47 ± 0.09 c |
C22:0 | 0.28 ± 0.01 bc | 0.26 ± 0.03 b | 0.36 ± 0.05 c | 0.52 ± 0.07 d | 0.08 ± 0.03 a | 0.16 ± 0.02 a |
C20:3 | ND | ND | 0.46 ± 0.06 a | 0.53 ± 0.24 a | 0.66 ± 0.04 ab | 0.83 ± 0.11 b |
C22:1 | 0.20 ± 0.01 a | 0.36 ± 0.08 ab | 0.56 ± 0.05 b | 1.17 ± 0.25 c | 1.34 ± 0.01 c | 0.51 ± 0.12 b |
C24:1n9 | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | ND | 0.02 ± 0.01 b | ND | 0.01 ± 0.00 c | 0.08 ± 0.05 a |
C20:4 | 0.24 ± 0.17 a | ND | 0.82 ± 0.28 b | 1.77 ± 0.42 c | 1.29 ± 0.14 bc | 1.43 ± 0.23 c |
C20:5 | 0.1 ± 0.01 a | 0.13 ± 0.01 a | 0.82 ± 0.13 b | 0.99 ± 0.05 c | 0.08 ± 0.02 a | 0.15 ± 0.02 a |
C24:0 | 0.23 ± 0.08 a | ND | ND | ND | 0.07 ± 0.01 b | ND |
C22:6 | ND | ND | ND | 0.43 ± 0.07 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 b | 0.35 ± 0.02 a |
Sums of fatty acids | ||||||
SFA | 70.30 ± 0.56 a | 72.99 ± 2.3 a | 53.18 ± 2.4 b | 50.32 ± 10.20 b | 51.49 ± 4.8 b | 47.57 ± 2.6 b |
MUFA | 26.61 ± 0.85 ab | 24.10 ± 0.27 a | 29.71 ± 2.61 bc | 32.95 ± 3.94 c | 30.2 ± 1.10 bc | 32.63 ± 2.44 c |
PUFA | 2.91 ± 0.17 a | 2.90 ± 0.38 a | 17.07 ± 2.52 b | 16.83 ± 4.43 b | 18.19 ± 0.45 b | 20.56 ± 3.30 b |
n-6 | 1.69 ± 0.13 a | 1.25 ± 0.27 a | 13.07 ± 2.19 b | 13.59 ± 4.37 b | 15.96 ± 0.27 b | 17.49 ± 3.11 b |
n-3 | 0.40 ± 0.05 a | 0.72 ± 0.01 ab | 1.40 ± 0.07 bc | 1.70 ± 0.71 c | 0.90 ± 0.03 ab | 1.71 ± 0.78 c |
Holstein | Saanen | Golden Retriever | Labrador | Caucasian Sheepdog | Rottweiler | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mg | 9.63 | 14.3 | 12.8 | 13 | 9.85 | 32.9 |
K | 126.2 | 152.1 | 76.9 | 104.8 | 113.3 | 189.4 |
Na | 49.9 | 60.6 | 104.5 | 110.2 | 80.7 | 92.1 |
Fe | ND | ND | ND | 0.405 | 0.58 | 0.749 |
Zn | 0.31 | 0.394 | 1.34 | 1.13 | 0.85 | 0.854 |
Cu | ND | ND | 0.047 | 0.119 | 0.046 | 0.398 |
Mn (μg/100 mL) | ND | ND | 10.6 | 11.7 | 16.6 | 10.6 |
Se (μg/100 mL) | 2.36 | 1.06 | 10.6 | 11 | 10 | 39.2 |
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Zhang, M.; Sun, X.; Cheng, J.; Guo, M. Analysis and Comparison of Nutrition Profiles of Canine Milk with Bovine and Caprine Milk. Foods 2022, 11, 472. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030472
Zhang M, Sun X, Cheng J, Guo M. Analysis and Comparison of Nutrition Profiles of Canine Milk with Bovine and Caprine Milk. Foods. 2022; 11(3):472. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030472
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Mengjie, Xiaomeng Sun, Jianjun Cheng, and Mingruo Guo. 2022. "Analysis and Comparison of Nutrition Profiles of Canine Milk with Bovine and Caprine Milk" Foods 11, no. 3: 472. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030472