Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Risk Assessment and Analytical Methods Using QuEchERS Pretreatment for the Evaluation of Herbal Medicine Ingredients in Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Materials
2.2. Sample Preparation for PAH4 Evaluation
2.3. Extraction and Clean-Up
2.4. Preprocessing of Samples Using QuEChERS
2.5. GC-MS Analysis of PAH4
2.6. HPLC-FLD Analysis of PAH4
2.7. Identification and Quantification of PAH4
2.8. Method Validation for Analytical Quality Assurance
2.9. Application of TEQ Concentration
2.10. Exposure Assessment
2.11. Exposure Assessment
2.12. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Method Validation and Confirmation of PAH4 in Herbal Medicine
3.2. Comparison of the Two Different Sample Pretreatment Methods for the Analysis of Herbal Medicine Ingredients
3.3. Exposure Assessment
3.4. Risk Characterization
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PAHs | Tretment | Linearity (1) | R2 | LOD (µg/kg) (2) | LOQ (µg/kg) (3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BaA | Typical | y = 0.0245x − 0.0054 | 0.999 | 0.14 | 0.43 |
QuEChERS | y = 0.0115x + 0.0075 | 0.999 | 0.12 | 0.37 | |
CHR | Typical | y = 0.018x + 0.0026 | 0.999 | 0.14 | 0.42 |
QuEChERS | y = 0.0104x + 0.0009 | 0.999 | 0.17 | 0.51 | |
BbF | Typical | y = 0.00379x + 0.0088 | 0.998 | 0.15 | 0.45 |
QuEChERS | y = 0.0027x + 0.0002 | 0.999 | 0.14 | 0.41 | |
BaP | Typical | y = 0.0273x + 0.0075 | 0.999 | 0.08 | 0.24 |
QuEChERS | y = 0.0183x − 0.0003 | 0.999 | 0.08 | 0.25 |
PAHs | Concentration (µg/kg) | Intraday (n = 3) | Interday (n = 3) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recovery (%) | Precision (%) | Recovery (%) | Precision (%) | ||||||
Typ | QuE | Typ | QuE | Typ | QuE | Typ | QuE | ||
BaA | 3 | 110.93 | 89.65 | 0.61 | 0.45 | 101.99 | 104.67 | 1.34 | 9.38 |
5 | 113.38 | 111.22 | 0.25 | 0.82 | 119.24 | 117.81 | 2.83 | 0.69 | |
10 | 116.83 | 111.17 | 0.4 | 0.85 | 119.51 | 111.74 | 0.87 | 0.65 | |
20 | 110.69 | 102.09 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 116.72 | 108.74 | 0.11 | 0.5 | |
40 | 112.68 | 109.68 | 0.37 | 0.28 | 113.1 | 110.08 | 1.05 | 0.59 | |
CHR | 3 | 109.79 | 102.7 | 1.11 | 2.15 | 109.88 | 98.34 | 1.23 | 3.63 |
5 | 104.78 | 118.59 | 1.09 | 0.46 | 106.15 | 117.87 | 0.84 | 0.09 | |
10 | 105.98 | 109.8 | 0.04 | 0.91 | 106.35 | 110.96 | 0.33 | 0.51 | |
20 | 104.65 | 103.57 | 0.1 | 0.69 | 105.22 | 107.58 | 0.66 | 1.38 | |
40 | 101.73 | 109.47 | 0.47 | 0.46 | 102.21 | 108.91 | 1.08 | 0.74 | |
BbF | 3 | 101.2 | 99.69 | 7.84 | 0.19 | 103.73 | 103.63 | 5.71 | 6.9 |
5 | 117.26 | 112.57 | 1.47 | 1.41 | 114.16 | 114.54 | 3.00 | 4.05 | |
10 | 107.69 | 103.5 | 0.64 | 0.84 | 113.6 | 103.77 | 5.06 | 3.48 | |
20 | 106.83 | 105.45 | 0.38 | 0.32 | 108.42 | 105.4 | 3.32 | 0.87 | |
40 | 95.42 | 104.12 | 0.69 | 0.58 | 93.75 | 104.83 | 2.97 | 0.65 | |
BaP | 3 | 111.33 | 99.44 | 6.67 | 1.01 | 109.58 | 95.31 | 1.85 | 1.00 |
5 | 112.57 | 100.21 | 1.31 | 0.27 | 109.20 | 101.06 | 5.52 | 1.58 | |
10 | 98.9 | 103.79 | 1.5 | 0.51 | 100.14 | 106.45 | 0.54 | 2.42 | |
20 | 98.63 | 100.22 | 0.2 | 0.68 | 100.37 | 99.69 | 1.71 | 0.35 | |
40 | 93.19 | 103.16 | 0.55 | 0.17 | 91.51 | 103.68 | 2.5 | 0.64 |
Sample | Concentration (µg/kg) (1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BaA | CHR | BbF | BaP | PAH4 | |
Sample 1 | N.D. (2) | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Sample 2 | 0.07 0.00 | 0.01 0.00 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.08 |
Sample 3 | 0.07 0.00 | 0.01 0.00 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.09 |
Sample 4 | 0.32 0.01 | 0.35 0.01 | 1.34 0.04 | 0.2 0.01 | 2.22 |
Sample 5 | 0.07 0.00 | 0.01 0.00 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.08 |
Sample 6 | 0.39 0.04 | 0.44 0.06 | 1.78 0.28 | 0.26 0.04 | 2.87 |
Sample 7 | 0.12 0.00 | 0.07 0.01 | N.D. | 0.01 0.00 | 0.19 |
Sample 8 | 0.19 0.00 | 0.17 0.01 | 0.46 0.02 | 0.07 0.00 | 0.88 |
Sample 9 | 0.10 0.00 | 0.04 0.00 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.14 |
Sample 10 | 0.30 0.01 | 0.32 0.01 | 1.21 0.06 | 0.18 0.01 | 2.01 |
Sample 11 | 0.28 0.02 | 0.30 0.02 | 1.08 0.11 | 0.16 0.02 | 1.82 |
Sample 12 | 0.08 0.00 | 0.01 0.00 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.09 |
Sample 13 | 0.07 0.00 | 0.01 0.00 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.08 |
Sample 14 | 0.07 0.00 | 0.01 0.00 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.08 |
Sample 15 | 0.29 0.01 | 0.30 0.02 | 1.09 0.09 | 0.16 0.01 | 1.84 |
Sample 16 | 0.07 0.00 | 0.01 0.00 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.08 |
Sample 17 | 0.31 0.01 | 0.33 0.01 | 1.23 0.04 | 0.18 0.01 | 2.04 |
Sample 18 | 0.30 0.01 | 0.32 0.01 | 1.17 0.04 | 0.17 0.01 | 1.96 |
Sample 19 | 0.07 0.00 | 0.01 0.00 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.08 |
Sample 20 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Sample 21 | 0.07 0.00 | 0.01 0.00 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.08 |
Sample 22 | 0.30 0.00 | 0.32 0.01 | 1.20 0.02 | 0.18 0.00 | 2.00 |
Sample 23 | 0.30 0.01 | 0.31 0.02 | 1.17 0.10 | 0.17 0.01 | 1.95 |
Sample 24 | 0.07 0.00 | 0.01 0.00 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.08 |
Sample 25 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Sample 26 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Sample 27 | 0.07 0.00 | 0.01 0.00 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.08 |
Sample 28 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Sample 29 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Sample 30 | 0.08 0.00 | 0.02 0.00 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.10 |
Sample 31 | 0.34 0.00 | 0.38 0.00 | 1.48 0.01 | 0.21 0.00 | 2.42 |
Sample 32 | 0.40 0.00 | 0.46 0.01 | 1.84 0.03 | 0.27 0.00 | 2.97 |
Sample 33 | 0.32 0.04 | 0.35 0.05 | 1.31 0.24 | 0.19 0.03 | 2.17 |
Sample 34 | 0.29 0.03 | 0.31 0.03 | 1.14 0.16 | 0.17 0.02 | 1.91 |
Sample 35 | 0.07 0.00 | 0.01 0.00 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.08 |
Sample 36 | 0.08 0.00 | 0.02 0.00 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.10 |
Sample 37 | 0.07 0.00 | 0.01 0.00 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.08 |
Sample 38 | 0.30 0.00 | 0.32 0.00 | 1.19 0.01 | 0.17 0.00 | 1.98 |
Sample 39 | 0.31 0.02 | 0.33 0.03 | 1.25 0.14 | 0.18 0.02 | 2.08 |
Sample 40 | 0.07 0.00 | 0.01 0.00 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.08 |
Sample 41 | 0.07 0.00 | 0.01 0.00 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.08 |
Sample 42 | 0.32 0.01 | 0.35 0.01 | 1.32 0.04 | 0.19 0.00 | 2.18 |
Sample 43 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Sample 44 | 0.36 0.05 | 0.40 0.07 | 1.57 0.35 | 0.23 0.05 | 2.56 |
Sample 45 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Sample 46 | 0.32 0.02 | 0.34 0.03 | 1.30 0.13 | 0.19 0.02 | 2.15 |
Sample 47 | 0.36 0.05 | 0.40 0.07 | 1.58 0.33 | 0.23 0.05 | 2.57 |
Sample 48 | 0.07 0.00 | 0.01 0.00 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.08 |
Sample 49 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Sample 50 | 0.07 0.00 | 0.01 0.01 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.09 |
Sample | Concentration (µg/kg) (1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BaA | CHR | BbF | BaP | PAH4 | |
Sample 1 | N.D. (2) | N.D. | 0.26 0.03 | N.D. | 0.26 |
Sample 2 | N.D. | 0.05 0.00 | 0.25 0.01 | 0.04 0.00 | 0.35 |
Sample 3 | N.D. | 0.05 0.00 | 0.25 0.00 | 0.04 0.00 | 0.35 |
Sample 4 | 0.47 0.01 | 0.64 0.01 | 2.52 0.06 | 0.38 0.01 | 4.01 |
Sample 5 | N.D. | 0.05 0.00 | 0.25 0.00 | 0.04 0.00 | 0.34 |
Sample 6 | 0.61 0.09 | 0.80 0.10 | 3.14 0.40 | 0.47 0.06 | 5.02 |
Sample 7 | 0.02 0.01 | 0.15 0.01 | 0.63 0.05 | 0.10 0.01 | 0.91 |
Sample 8 | 0.17 0.01 | 0.32 0.01 | 1.28 0.03 | 0.19 0.00 | 1.97 |
Sample 9 | N.D. | 0.11 0.00 | 0.46 0.00 | 0.07 0.00 | 0.64 |
Sample 10 | 0.42 0.02 | 0.59 0.02 | 2.33 0.08 | 0.35 0.01 | 3.70 |
Sample 11 | 0.38 0.04 | 0.55 0.04 | 2.15 0.16 | 0.32 0.02 | 3.40 |
Sample 12 | N.D. | 0.06 0.00 | 0.27 0.00 | 0.05 0.00 | 0.37 |
Sample 13 | N.D. | 0.05 0.00 | 0.23 0.01 | 0.04 0.00 | 0.31 |
Sample 14 | N.D. | 0.05 0.00 | 0.25 0.00 | 0.04 0.00 | 0.34 |
Sample 15 | 0.38 0.03 | 0.55 0.03 | 2.17 0.13 | 0.33 0.02 | 3.43 |
Sample 16 | N.D. | 0.04 0.00 | 0.22 0.00 | 0.04 0.00 | 0.31 |
Sample 17 | 0.43 0.01 | 0.60 0.01 | 2.36 0.06 | 0.35 0.01 | 3.75 |
Sample 18 | 0.41 0.01 | 0.58 0.01 | 2.28 0.05 | 0.34 0.01 | 3.62 |
Sample 19 | N.D. | 0.05 0.00 | 0.23 0.00 | 0.04 0.00 | 0.32 |
Sample 20 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.22 0.01 | N.D. | 0.22 |
Sample 21 | N.D. | 0.05 0.00 | 0.25 0.00 | 0.04 0.00 | 0.34 |
Sample 22 | 0.42 0.01 | 0.59 0.01 | 2.32 0.03 | 0.35 0.01 | 3.68 |
Sample 23 | 0.41 0.03 | 0.58 0.03 | 2.27 0.13 | 0.34 0.02 | 3.60 |
Sample 24 | N.D. | 0.04 0.00 | 0.22 0.00 | 0.04 0.00 | 0.30 |
Sample 25 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.22 0.01 | N.D. | 0.22 |
Sample 26 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.22 0.00 | N.D. | 0.22 |
Sample 27 | N.D. | 0.05 0.00 | 0.23 0.01 | 0.04 0.00 | 0.31 |
Sample 28 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.21 0.01 | N.D. | 0.21 |
Sample 29 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.22 0.00 | N.D. | 0.22 |
Sample 30 | N.D. | 0.07 0.00 | 0.31 0.01 | 0.05 0.00 | 0.43 |
Sample 31 | 0.51 0.00 | 0.69 0.00 | 2.71 0.01 | 0.41 0.00 | 4.32 |
Sample 32 | 0.63 0.01 | 0.82 0.01 | 3.23 0.04 | 0.48 0.01 | 5.16 |
Sample 33 | 0.46 0.08 | 0.63 0.09 | 2.48 0.33 | 0.37 0.05 | 3.94 |
Sample 34 | 0.40 0.05 | 0.57 0.06 | 2.23 0.23 | 0.34 0.03 | 3.53 |
Sample 35 | N.D. | 0.05 0.00 | 0.24 0.01 | 0.04 0.00 | 0.33 |
Sample 36 | N.D. | 0.07 0.01 | 0.31 0.02 | 0.05 0.00 | 0.43 |
Sample 37 | N.D. | 0.05 0.00 | 0.25 0.00 | 0.04 0.00 | 0.35 |
Sample 38 | 0.41 0.00 | 0.58 0.00 | 2.30 0.01 | 0.35 0.00 | 3.65 |
Sample 39 | 0.44 0.05 | 0.61 0.05 | 2.40 0.20 | 0.36 0.03 | 3.80 |
Sample 40 | N.D. | 0.05 0.00 | 0.23 0.00 | 0.04 0.00 | 0.32 |
Sample 41 | N.D. | 0.05 0.00 | 0.24 0.01 | 0.04 0.00 | 0.33 |
Sample 42 | 0.46 0.01 | 0.63 0.01 | 2.49 0.05 | 0.37 0.01 | 3.96 |
Sample 43 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.22 0.02 | N.D. | 0.22 |
Sample 44 | 0.54 0.12 | 0.72 0.13 | 2.84 0.49 | 0.42 0.07 | 4.53 |
Sample 45 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.23 0.01 | N.D. | 0.23 |
Sample 46 | 0.45 0.04 | 0.63 0.05 | 2.46 0.18 | 0.37 0.03 | 3.91 |
Sample 47 | 0.54 0.11 | 0.73 0.12 | 2.85 0.47 | 0.43 0.07 | 4.55 |
Sample 48 | N.D. | 0.04 0.01 | 0.22 0.02 | 0.04 0.00 | 0.30 |
Sample 49 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Sample 50 | N.D. | 0.05 0.01 | 0.25 0.04 | 0.04 0.01 | 0.35 |
Sample | TEQ Value (µg/kg) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BaA | CHR | BbF | BaP | PAH4 | |
TEF | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 1.00 | |
Sample 1 | N.D. (1) | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Sample 2 | 7.34 10−3 | 1.10 10−4 | N.D. | N.D. | 7.45 10−3 |
Sample 3 | 7.37 10−3 | 1.14 10−4 | N.D. | N.D. | 7.48 10−3 |
Sample 4 | 3.24 10−2 | 3.52 10−3 | 1.34 10−1 | 1.96 10−1 | 3.66 10−1 |
Sample 5 | 7.31 10−3 | 1.07 10−4 | N.D. | N.D. | 7.42 10−3 |
Sample 6 | 3.91 10−2 | 4.44 10−3 | 1.78 10−1 | 2.57 10−1 | 4.78 10−1 |
Sample 7 | 1.16 10−2 | 6.84 10−4 | N.D. | 9.17 10−3 | 2.14 10−2 |
Sample 8 | 1.87 10−2 | 1.65 10−3 | 4.58 10−2 | 7.32 10−2 | 1.39 10−1 |
Sample 9 | 9.69 10−3 | 4.29 10−4 | N.D. | N.D. | 1.01 10−1 |
Sample 10 | 3.03 10−2 | 3.23 10−3 | 1.21 10−1 | 1.77 10−1 | 3.32 10−1 |
Sample 11 | 2.83 10−2 | 2.96 10−3 | 1.08 10−1 | 1.60 10−1 | 2.99 10−1 |
Sample 12 | 7.56 10−3 | 1.40 10−4 | N.D. | N.D. | 7.70 10−3 |
Sample 13 | 7.08 10−3 | 7.54 10−5 | N.D. | N.D. | 7.16 10−3 |
Sample 14 | 7.31 10−3 | 1.06 10−4 | N.D. | N.D. | 7.42 10−3 |
Sample 15 | 2.85 10−2 | 2.99 10−3 | 1.09 10−1 | 1.61 10−1 | 3.02 10−1 |
Sample 16 | 7.03 10−3 | 6.86 10−5 | N.D. | N.D. | 7.10 10−3 |
Sample 17 | 3.06 10−2 | 3.28 10−3 | 1.23 10−1 | 1.80 10−1 | 3.37 10−1 |
Sample 18 | 2.98 10−2 | 3.16 10−3 | 1.17 10−1 | 1.72 10−1 | 3.23 10−1 |
Sample 19 | 7.16 10−3 | 8.50 10−5 | N.D. | N.D. | 7.24 10−3 |
Sample 20 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Sample 21 | 7.28 10−3 | 1.02 10−4 | N.D. | N.D. | 7.38 10−3 |
Sample 22 | 3.02 10−2 | 3.22 10−3 | 1.20 10−1 | 1.76 10−1 | 3.30 10−1 |
Sample 23 | 2.96 10−2 | 3.14 10−3 | 1.17 10−1 | 1.71 10−1 | 3.21 10−1 |
Sample 24 | 6.99 10−3 | 6.21 10−5 | N.D. | N.D. | 7.05 10−3 |
Sample 25 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Sample 26 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Sample 27 | 7.08 10−3 | 7.51 10−5 | N.D. | N.D. | 7.16 10−3 |
Sample 28 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Sample 29 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Sample 30 | 8.01 10−3 | 2.02 10−4 | N.D. | N.D. | 8.22 10−3 |
Sample 31 | 3.45 10−2 | 3.80 10−3 | 1.48 10−1 | 2.15 10−1 | 4.01 10−1 |
Sample 32 | 4.01 10−2 | 4.57 10−3 | 1.84 10−1 | 2.66 10−1 | 4.95 10−1 |
Sample 33 | 3.19 10−2 | 3.67 10−3 | 1.31 10−1 | 1.92 10−1 | 3.59 10−1 |
Sample 34 | 2.92 10−2 | 3.09 10−3 | 1.14 10−1 | 1.68 10−1 | 3.14 10−1 |
Sample 35 | 7.21 10−3 | 9.20 10−5 | N.D. | N.D. | 7.30 10−3 |
Sample 36 | 8.02 10−3 | 2.03 10−4 | N.D. | N.D. | 8.23 10−3 |
Sample 37 | 7.34 10−3 | 1.10 10−4 | N.D. | N.D. | 7.45 10−3 |
Sample 38 | 2.99 10−2 | 3.19 10−3 | 1.19 10−1 | 1.74 10−1 | 3.26 10−1 |
Sample 39 | 3.10 10−2 | 3.33 10−3 | 1.25 10−1 | 1.84 10−1 | 3.44 10−1 |
Sample 40 | 7.13 10−3 | 8.15 10−5 | N.D. | N.D. | 7.21 10−3 |
Sample 41 | 7.25 10−3 | 9.80 10−5 | N.D. | N.D. | 7.35 10−3 |
Sample 42 | 3.21 10−2 | 3.48 10−3 | 1.32 10−1 | 1.93 10−1 | 3.61 10−1 |
Sample 43 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Sample 44 | 3.59 10−2 | 4.00 10−3 | 1.57 10−1 | 2.28 10−1 | 4.25 10−1 |
Sample 45 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Sample 46 | 3.17 10−2 | 3.43 10−3 | 1.30 10−1 | 1.90 10−1 | 3.56 10−1 |
Sample 47 | 3.60 10−2 | 4.01 10−3 | 1.58 10−1 | 2.29 10−1 | 4.27 10−1 |
Sample 48 | 7.01 10−3 | 6.54 10−5 | N.D. | N.D. | 7.08 10−3 |
Sample 49 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Sample 50 | 7.38 10−3 | 1.15 10−4 | N.D. | N.D. | 7.49 10−3 |
Sample | TEQ Value (µg/kg) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BaA | CHR | BbF | BaP | PAH4 | |
TEF | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 1.00 | |
Sample 1 | N.D. (1) | N.D. | 2.58 10−2 | N.D. | 2.58 10−2 |
Sample 2 | N.D. | 5.17 10−4 | 2.51 10−2 | 4.25 10−2 | 6.82 10−2 |
Sample 3 | N.D. | 5.24 10−4 | 2.54 10−2 | 4.29 10−2 | 6.88 10−2 |
Sample 4 | 4.65 10−2 | 6.42 10−3 | 2.52 10−1 | 3.78 10−1 | 6.83 10−1 |
Sample 5 | N.D. | 5.12 10−4 | 2.49 10−2 | 4.22 10−2 | 6.76 10−2 |
Sample 6 | 6.10 10−2 | 8.01 10−3 | 3.14 10−1 | 4.68 10−1 | 8.51 10−1 |
Sample 7 | 2.18 10−3 | 1.51 10−3 | 6.33 10−2 | 9.89 10−2 | 1.66 10−1 |
Sample 8 | 1.74 10−2 | 3.19 10−3 | 1.28 10−1 | 1.94 10−1 | 3.43 10−1 |
Sample 9 | N.D. | 1.07 10−3 | 4.64 10−2 | 7.39 10−2 | 1.21 10−1 |
Sample 10 | 4.21 10−2 | 5.92 10−3 | 2.33 10−1 | 3.50 10−1 | 6.31 10−1 |
Sample 11 | 3.79 10−2 | 5.46 10−3 | 2.15 10−1 | 3.23 10−1 | 5.82 10−1 |
Sample 12 | N.D. | 5.69 10−4 | 2.71 10−2 | 4.54 10−2 | 7.31 10−2 |
Sample 13 | N.D. | 4.57 10−4 | 2.28 10−2 | 3.91 10−2 | 6.24 10−2 |
Sample 14 | N.D. | 5.11 10−4 | 2.49 10−2 | 4.22 10−2 | 6.76 10−2 |
Sample 15 | 3.83 10−2 | 5.51 10−3 | 2.17 10−1 | 3.26 10−1 | 5.87 10−1 |
Sample 16 | N.D. | 4.46 10−4 | 2.23 10−2 | 3.84 10−2 | 6.12 10−2 |
Sample 17 | 4.28 10−2 | 6.00 10−3 | 2.36 10−1 | 3.54 10−1 | 6.39 10−1 |
Sample 18 | 4.09 10−2 | 5.80 10−3 | 2.28 10−1 | 3.43 10−2 | 6.18 10−1 |
Sample 19 | N.D. | 4.74 10−4 | 2.34 10−2 | 4.01 10−2 | 6.40 10−2 |
Sample 20 | N.D. | N.D. | 2.17 10−2 | N.D. | 2.17 10−2 |
Sample 21 | N.D. | 5.04 10−4 | 2.46 10−2 | 4.18 10−2 | 6.69 10−2 |
Sample 22 | 4.19 10−2 | 5.90 10−3 | 2.32 10−1 | 3.48 10−1 | 6.28 10−1 |
Sample 23 | 4.07 10−2 | 5.77 10−3 | 2.27 10−1 | 3.41 10−1 | 6.15 10−1 |
Sample 24 | N.D. | 4.34 10−4 | 2.19 10−2 | 3.78 10−2 | 6.02 10−2 |
Sample 25 | N.D. | N.D. | 2.24 10−2 | N.D. | 2.24 10−2 |
Sample 26 | N.D. | N.D. | 2.22 10−2 | N.D. | 2.22 10−2 |
Sample 27 | N.D. | 4.57 10−4 | 2.28 10−2 | 3.91 10−2 | 6.23 10−2 |
Sample 28 | N.D. | N.D. | 2.14 10−2 | N.D. | 2.14 10−2 |
Sample 29 | N.D. | N.D. | 2.19 10−2 | N.D. | 2.19 10−2 |
Sample 30 | N.D. | 6.77 10−4 | 3.12 10−2 | 5.16 10−2 | 8.35 10−2 |
Sample 31 | 5.10 10−2 | 6.90 10−3 | 2.17 10−1 | 4.05 10−1 | 7.34 10−1 |
Sample 32 | 6.31 10−2 | 8.24 10−3 | 3.23 10−1 | 4.81 10−1 | 8.75 10−1 |
Sample 33 | 4.56 10−2 | 6.31 10−3 | 2.48 10−1 | 3.72 10−1 | 6.72 10−1 |
Sample 34 | 3.98 10−2 | 5.67 10−3 | 2.23 10−1 | 3.35 10−1 | 6.04 10−1 |
Sample 35 | N.D. | 4.86 10−4 | 2.39 10−2 | 4.07 10−2 | 6.51 10−2 |
Sample 36 | N.D. | 6.79 10−4 | 3.13 10−2 | 5.17 10−2 | 8.37 10−2 |
Sample 37 | N.D. | 5.18 10−4 | 2.51 10−2 | 4.25 10−2 | 6.82 10−2 |
Sample 38 | 4.14 10−2 | 5.84 10−3 | 2.30 10−1 | 3.45 10−1 | 6.23 10−1 |
Sample 39 | 4.36 10−2 | 6.09 10−3 | 2.40 10−1 | 3.59 10−1 | 6.49 10−1 |
Sample 40 | N.D. | 4.68 10−4 | 2.32 10−2 | 3.97 10−2 | 6.34 10−2 |
Sample 41 | N.D. | 4.97 10−4 | 2.43 10−2 | 4.13 10−2 | 6.61 10−2 |
Sample 42 | 4.59 10−2 | 6.34 10−3 | 2.49 10−1 | 3.74 10−1 | 6.75 10−1 |
Sample 43 | N.D. | N.D. | 2.19 10−2 | N.D. | 2.19 10−2 |
Sample 44 | 5.40 10−2 | 7.24 10−3 | 2.84 10−1 | 4.25 10−1 | 7.70 10−1 |
Sample 45 | N.D. | N.D. | 2.26 10−2 | N.D. | 2.26 10−2 |
Sample 46 | 4.52 10−2 | 6.26 10−3 | 2.46 10−1 | 3.69 10−1 | 6.67 10−1 |
Sample 47 | 5.43 10−2 | 7.27 10−3 | 2.85 10−1 | 4.26 10−1 | 7.73 10−1 |
Sample 48 | N.D. | 4.40 10−4 | 2.21 10−2 | 3.81 10−2 | 6.07 10−2 |
Sample 49 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Sample 50 | N.D. | 5.26 10−4 | 2.55 10−2 | 4.30 10−2 | 6.90 10−2 |
Treatment type | DAI of BaP (μg/kg/day) | DAI of PAH4 (μg/kg/day) | MOE |
---|---|---|---|
Typical | 4.02 × 10−9 | 7.69 × 10−9 | 1.30 × 1010 |
QuEChERS | 8.85 × 10−9 | 1.60 × 10−8 | 6.26 × 109 |
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Hwang, H.-J.; Lee, S.-H.; Kim, Y.-Y.; Shin, H.-S. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Risk Assessment and Analytical Methods Using QuEchERS Pretreatment for the Evaluation of Herbal Medicine Ingredients in Korea. Foods 2021, 10, 2200. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092200
Hwang H-J, Lee S-H, Kim Y-Y, Shin H-S. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Risk Assessment and Analytical Methods Using QuEchERS Pretreatment for the Evaluation of Herbal Medicine Ingredients in Korea. Foods. 2021; 10(9):2200. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092200
Chicago/Turabian StyleHwang, Hee-Jeong, Sae-Ha Lee, Yong-Yeon Kim, and Han-Seung Shin. 2021. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Risk Assessment and Analytical Methods Using QuEchERS Pretreatment for the Evaluation of Herbal Medicine Ingredients in Korea" Foods 10, no. 9: 2200. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092200