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Volume 10
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10.3390/separations10020082
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Article

Utilizing Subcritical Methanol Extraction for Catechin and Epicatechin Recovery from Peanut Skin as Agricultural Waste

by
Nicky Rahmana Putra
1,*,
Dwila Nur Rizkiyah
1,
Mohd Azizi Che Yunus
1,*,
Ahmad Hazim Abdul Aziz
2 and
Ade Pamungkas
3
1
Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
2
Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
3
National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta 12710, Indonesia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Separations 2023, 10(2), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10020082
Submission received: 5 January 2023 / Revised: 17 January 2023 / Accepted: 20 January 2023 / Published: 25 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Analysis of Food and Beverages)
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Abstract

Peanut skin as an agriculture waste has poor economic value. Utilizing subcritical methanol extraction (SME) to recover catechin and epicatechin as interest compounds from peanut skin is one of the solutions to valorize the agriculture waste into more valuable products. Therefore, the objective of this research is to examine the parameter impacts on peanut skin extract recovery by subcritical methanol. Extraction was conducted under three independent variables—pressure (6 to 10 MPa), flow rate (2.5 to 7.5 mL/min) and temperature (70 to 100 °C)—with the responses of catechin and epicatechin recovery. The optimum conditions were 8 MPa, 4.39 mL/min and 79.6 °C, with catechin responses of 178.66 µg/g and epicatechin responses of 336.41 µg/g. Conditions of high pressure and temperature are optimal for epicatechin and catechin enhancement. The Chrastil model fits the solubility of catechin and epicatechin in SM effectively since it has the lowest average absolute relative deviation (AARD), which is 4.97% and 5.97%, respectively. Consequently, this method (SME) may substitute for the standard technique in extracting catechin and epicatechin.
Keywords: peanut skin; catechin; epicatechin; subcritical methanol extraction peanut skin; catechin; epicatechin; subcritical methanol extraction

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MDPI and ACS Style

Putra, N.R.; Rizkiyah, D.N.; Yunus, M.A.C.; Abdul Aziz, A.H.; Pamungkas, A. Utilizing Subcritical Methanol Extraction for Catechin and Epicatechin Recovery from Peanut Skin as Agricultural Waste. Separations 2023, 10, 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10020082

AMA Style

Putra NR, Rizkiyah DN, Yunus MAC, Abdul Aziz AH, Pamungkas A. Utilizing Subcritical Methanol Extraction for Catechin and Epicatechin Recovery from Peanut Skin as Agricultural Waste. Separations. 2023; 10(2):82. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10020082

Chicago/Turabian Style

Putra, Nicky Rahmana, Dwila Nur Rizkiyah, Mohd Azizi Che Yunus, Ahmad Hazim Abdul Aziz, and Ade Pamungkas. 2023. "Utilizing Subcritical Methanol Extraction for Catechin and Epicatechin Recovery from Peanut Skin as Agricultural Waste" Separations 10, no. 2: 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10020082

APA Style

Putra, N. R., Rizkiyah, D. N., Yunus, M. A. C., Abdul Aziz, A. H., & Pamungkas, A. (2023). Utilizing Subcritical Methanol Extraction for Catechin and Epicatechin Recovery from Peanut Skin as Agricultural Waste. Separations, 10(2), 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10020082

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