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Volume 14
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10.3390/pr14132038
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Article

Experimental Investigation of Acid-Etched Creep Behavior and Mechanical Constitutive Modeling of Carbonate Rocks

by
Zehui Zhang
1,
Ning Qi
1,2,*,
Yuyang Shen
3,
Yixin Lu
1,
Shunming Zhou
1,
Yuxin Wang
1,
Ping Jiang
1 and
Aihua Li
1
1
School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
3
PetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company, Korla 841000, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2026, 14(13), 2038; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14132038
Submission received: 20 May 2026 / Revised: 19 June 2026 / Accepted: 22 June 2026 / Published: 23 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Marine and Deep Oil & Gas Development)
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Abstract

Deep and ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs commonly experience fracture closure and conductivity reduction under high-temperature and high-stress conditions. In this study, triaxial creep tests were conducted on unacid-etched and acid-etched carbonate cores under different stress levels to investigate their time-dependent deformation behavior and the influence of acid etching on rock rheology. The results indicate that carbonate rocks exhibit pronounced creep behavior, including instantaneous elastic deformation, primary creep, and steady-state creep. Acid etching significantly altered the creep characteristics and rheological parameters of carbonate rocks, leading to distinct time-dependent deformation responses compared with the unacid-etched core. The Burgers constitutive model was employed to characterize the creep behavior, and all fitting correlation coefficients exceeded 0.9. Finite element simulations based on the fitted parameters successfully reproduced the experimental creep curves, verifying the reliability of the constitutive model. This study provides a theoretical and numerical basis for evaluating the long-term deformation behavior of acid-etched carbonate rocks and its implications for fracture closure and conductivity evolution.
Keywords: carbonate rock; fracture closure; creep behavior; acid etching; Burgers model; numerical simulation carbonate rock; fracture closure; creep behavior; acid etching; Burgers model; numerical simulation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, Z.; Qi, N.; Shen, Y.; Lu, Y.; Zhou, S.; Wang, Y.; Jiang, P.; Li, A. Experimental Investigation of Acid-Etched Creep Behavior and Mechanical Constitutive Modeling of Carbonate Rocks. Processes 2026, 14, 2038. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14132038

AMA Style

Zhang Z, Qi N, Shen Y, Lu Y, Zhou S, Wang Y, Jiang P, Li A. Experimental Investigation of Acid-Etched Creep Behavior and Mechanical Constitutive Modeling of Carbonate Rocks. Processes. 2026; 14(13):2038. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14132038

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Zehui, Ning Qi, Yuyang Shen, Yixin Lu, Shunming Zhou, Yuxin Wang, Ping Jiang, and Aihua Li. 2026. "Experimental Investigation of Acid-Etched Creep Behavior and Mechanical Constitutive Modeling of Carbonate Rocks" Processes 14, no. 13: 2038. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14132038

APA Style

Zhang, Z., Qi, N., Shen, Y., Lu, Y., Zhou, S., Wang, Y., Jiang, P., & Li, A. (2026). Experimental Investigation of Acid-Etched Creep Behavior and Mechanical Constitutive Modeling of Carbonate Rocks. Processes, 14(13), 2038. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14132038

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