Smart City Applications to Promote Citizen Participation in City Management and Governance: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Questions
- RQ1—What are the purposes of the studies using smart city infrastructures to promote citizen participation in city management and governance?
- RQ2—What are the characteristics of the proposed applications in terms of data sources, data quality, data security and privacy, and strategies to incentivize citizen participation?
- RQ3—What are the development stages of the applications being reported?
2.2. Search Strategies
2.3. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.4. Screening Procedures
- First step—The authors removed the duplicates, the references without an abstract or authors and not published in English.
- Second step—The authors assessed all titles and abstracts for relevance and those not meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were removed.
- Third step—The authors assessed the full text of the remaining articles against the outlined inclusion and exclusion criteria.
- Fourth step—The authors performed a secondary analysis of the references of all the included articles to identify additional articles to be included.
2.5. Data Extraction
2.6. Synthesis and Reporting
- Q1—Are the objectives of the study clearly identified?
- Q2—Is the context of the study clearly stated?
- Q3—Do the research methods support the aims of the study?
- Q4—Does the study adequately describe the technologies being used?
- Q5—Is there a clear statement of the findings?
- Q6—Are the study’s limitations explicitly discussed?
3. Results
3.1. Selection of the Studies
3.2. Demographic Characteristics of the Studies
3.3. Methodological Quality Assessment
3.4. Studies’ Purposes
- Citizen participation in the identification of urban problems, 59 studies.
- Citizen participation in the decision-making processes (i.e., citizens do not just report problems, but are somehow involved in the decision-making process), 17 studies.
3.4.1. Citizen Participation in the Identification of Urban Problems
Participatory Reporting
Participatory Sensing
Citizen-Centered Data Analysis
Multiple
3.4.2. Citizen Participation in Decision-Making Processes
3.5. Data Sources, Data Quality, Data Security and Privacy, and Strategies to Incentivize Citizen Participation
3.6. Development Stages
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inclusion | Exclusion |
---|---|
Articles published in peer-reviewed scientific journals or conference proceedings. | Articles not published in peer-reviewed scientific journals or conference proceedings. |
Articles published in English. | Articles published in languages other than English. |
Full articles. | Non-full articles, such as posters or extended abstracts |
Articles published before 31 December 2021. | Articles published after 31 December 2021. |
Articles that reported evidence of citizen participation in smart city management and governance. | Articles that did not report evidence of citizen participation in smart cities management and governance or did not address issues related to the defined research questions. |
Articles reporting primary studies. | Articles reporting non-primary studies, including literature reviews or surveys, books, tutorials, editorials, or special issues announcements. |
Articles with access to the full text. | Articles without access to the full text or without abstracts or authors’ identification. |
Articles reporting on studies not covered by other included references. | Articles reporting on studies already covered by other included references. |
Reference | Outcome | Year |
---|---|---|
[93] | An application to share and evaluate photos of points of interest. | 2013 |
[94] | A method to increase the quality of data collected from an interactive voice response system used by citizens to report safety incidents. | 2013 |
[95] | A participatory sensing application allowing the assignment of sensing tasks to be performed by the citizens. | 2013 |
[96] | An application to report city problems. | 2014 |
[97] | An application to report city problems. | 2014 |
[98] | An application to suggest tailored paths for people with mobility impairments. | 2014 |
[99] | An application to report city problems that includes a data analysis engine. | 2015 |
[100] | An application to report borough issues. | 2015 |
[101] | A questionnaire-based participatory reporting application. | 2015 |
[102] | An application to collect the location of events’ participants for better management. | 2015 |
[103] | A middleware to collect data using both sensors and social networks with incentive mechanisms. | 2015 |
[104] | An application to collect data and provide services to pilgrims during the Hajj. | 2016 |
[105] | A method to collect citizen information that can be used to understand citizen needs and prioritize new projects. | 2016 |
[106] | A reference architecture for mobile sensing to help cyclists on their daily trips. | 2016 |
[107] | An application to unify city government services and to give citizens a direct communication line with the authorities. | 2016 |
[108] | An application to collect and collate data from various social media to infer alerts, insights, and recommendations. | 2016 |
[109] | An application to review and share locations based on how accessible they are for people with mobility impairments. | 2016 |
[110] | A serious game to introduce the concept of electric mobility and collect data on mobility needs. | 2016 |
[111] | An application to allow citizens to present and vote on ideas for the benefit of the city. | 2016 |
[112] | An application to report city problems. | 2016 |
[113] | An application with incentives to create participatory sensing campaigns. | 2016 |
[114] | An application to provide the tools and knowledge to create and orchestrate participatory reporting and sensing campaigns. | 2017 |
[115] | An application to monitor urban accessibility. | 2017 |
[116] | A generic participatory sensing application. | 2017 |
[117] | An application to report city problems. | 2017 |
[118] | A method to support the use of social media data by governments to better understand their citizenry’s opinion. | 2017 |
[119] | An application to allow citizens to participate in collaborative decision-making processes. | 2017 |
[120] | Challenges and needs of different stakeholders in creating new digital participatory tools. | 2017 |
[121] | An application to share information between citizens and government. | 2017 |
[122] | An application to support data visualization and feedback. | 2017 |
[123] | An application to support the maintenance of city infrastructures. | 2017 |
[124] | An application to promote the transparency of public administration. | 2017 |
[125] | An application to infer sentiments from social media data. | 2017 |
[126] | An application to assess trip quality when riding a vehicle. | 2017 |
[127] | An application to gather location data to generate mobility patterns and the city’s points of interest. | 2018 |
[128] | An application to enable citizens to monitor urban services. | 2018 |
[129] | An application to support the creation of crowd-based smart maps for disabled people. | 2018 |
[130] | An application to gather ideas from citizens and to choose and fund projects based on those ideas. | 2018 |
[131] | An application to support the design of urban spaces by citizens. | 2018 |
[132] | An application to report city problems. | 2018 |
[133] | An application to report city infrastructure issues. | 2018 |
[134] | A unified framework using different data sources to identify urban problems. | 2018 |
[135] | An application to report city problems supported in natural language processing. | 2018 |
[136] | An architecture to allow mobile devices to serve as noise sensors for urban environments. | 2018 |
[137] | An application to report and share the accessibility level of city locations. | 2018 |
[138] | An application to allow citizens to make suggestions from select categories directly to city governance. | 2018 |
[139] | An application to predict next-day events in an area from citizen reports and Twitter data. | 2018 |
[140] | An application to support two-way communication between citizens, governments, and other city stakeholders. | 2018 |
[141] | An application to gather information for urban planning from social media data. | 2018 |
[142] | An application to infer sentiments and detect citizen concerns from social media data. | 2018 |
[143] | An application to identify trending views and influential citizens from social media data. | 2019 |
[144] | An application to report city problems that include gamification. | 2019 |
[145] | An application integrating participatory reporting mechanisms and access to public services. | 2019 |
[146] | An application using natural language processing to infer sentiments for urban planning from social media data. | 2019 |
[147] | An application using a machine learning algorithm to perform sentiment analysis to gauge public opinion from social media data. | 2019 |
[148] | An application to report illegal waste dumping. | 2019 |
[149] | An application to report city problems. | 2019 |
[150] | An application to report safety incidents. | 2019 |
[151] | An application to monitor air and noise pollution levels in a city. | 2020 |
[152] | An application to support the use of social media data for the implementation of smart cities. | 2020 |
[153] | An application to support the information shared and the reporting of city issues. | 2020 |
[154] | An application to support the co-creation of neighborhoods. | 2020 |
[155] | An application to recognize needs according to human needs theory from Tweet data. | 2020 |
[156] | An application to identify the opinion of the citizens about the local authorities from social media data. | 2020 |
[157] | An application to support the use of social media data for the implementation of smart cities. | 2020 |
[158] | A machine learning algorithm to gather insights for urban planning from data of a civic participation application. | 2021 |
[159] | An application to promote the transparency of public administration. | 2021 |
[160] | An analysis of the applications for urban democracy that were implemented in Madrid and Barcelona. | 2021 |
[161] | An application to report city problems. | 2021 |
[162] | An application to report city problems. | 2021 |
[163] | An application to provide various tools to help citizens to participate in the decision-making processes. | 2021 |
[164] | An application to allow different stakeholders to collect data about a city from various sources. | 2021 |
[165] | A government-backed petition application for the citizens of Taiwan. | 2021 |
[166] | An application to report potholes for the city of Malang. | 2021 |
[167] | A serious game to teach citizens how to design a smart city collaboratively. | 2021 |
[168] | An application to capture soundscapes to be used for urban planning and design. | 2021 |
Types of Sensors | Location | Activity | Environment | Not Specified |
---|---|---|---|---|
Smartphones’ sensors | ||||
Unspecified | [95,97,101,102,106,168] | [95,98] | [136,168] | [96,102,103,106,113,116,126,128,138] |
Microphones | [151] | |||
Gyroscopes and accelerometers | [95] | |||
Global Positioning System (GPS) | [101,115,117,127,136] | |||
Wearables | ||||
Body Area Network | [104] |
Development Stages | References |
---|---|
Requirements | [129,154,159] |
Design | [94,96,103,104,107,116,119,120,122,124,128,131,138,141,146,148,150,151,153,157,158,164] |
Technical testing | [93,97,98,106,109,110,111,112,113,118,125,126,135,136,139,142,143,144,147,155,156,166] |
Prototype testing | [105,114,115,117,127,130,132,134,137,145,149,152,161,162,163,167,168] |
Pilot testing | [95,99,100,101,102,108,121,123,140] |
Mature | [133,160,165] |
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Bastos, D.; Fernández-Caballero, A.; Pereira, A.; Rocha, N.P. Smart City Applications to Promote Citizen Participation in City Management and Governance: A Systematic Review. Informatics 2022, 9, 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics9040089
Bastos D, Fernández-Caballero A, Pereira A, Rocha NP. Smart City Applications to Promote Citizen Participation in City Management and Governance: A Systematic Review. Informatics. 2022; 9(4):89. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics9040089
Chicago/Turabian StyleBastos, David, Antonio Fernández-Caballero, António Pereira, and Nelson Pacheco Rocha. 2022. "Smart City Applications to Promote Citizen Participation in City Management and Governance: A Systematic Review" Informatics 9, no. 4: 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics9040089