Anterior Chamber Angle in Adults Born Extremely, Very, and Moderately Preterm with and without Retinopathy of Prematurity—Results of the Gutenberg Prematurity Eye Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Assessment of Pre-, Peri- and Postnatal Medical History
2.3. Categorization
2.4. Ophthalmologic Examination
2.5. Scheimpflug Imaging
2.6. Covariates
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Descriptive Ocular Geometric Parameters
3.3. Association Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Financial Disclosure
References
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Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | Group 5 | Group 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gestational Age | GA ≥ 37 | GA 33–36 | GA 29–32 | GA ≤ 28 | GA ≤ 32 | GA ≤ 32 |
no ROP | no ROP | no ROP | ROP without Treatment |
ROP
with Treatment | ||
Participants/eyes (n) | 113/182 | 100/160 | 61/101 | 11/18 | 28/45 | 6/10 |
Sex (women) (%) | 68 (60.2) | 61 (61.0) | 34 (55.7) | 7 (63.6) | 15 (53.6) | 3 (50.0) |
Age (y) | 30.0 ± 9.2 | 30.2 ± 9.3 | 27.5 ± 7.7 | 23.5 ± 7.5 | 25.1 ± 6.1 | 25.2 ± 4.6 |
Birth weight (g) | 3421 ± 389 | 2112 ± 479 | 1563 ± 337 | 931 ± 215 | 1068 ± 380 | 708 ± 143 |
Birth weight < 1500 g (yes) | 0 (0%) | 9 (9.0%) | 25 (41.0%) | 11 (100%) | 24 (85.7%) | 6 (100%) |
Birth weight < 1000 g (yes) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (6.6%) | 7 (63.6%) | 14 (50.0%) | 6 (100%) |
Birth weight percentile | 49.2 ± 20.8 | 27.1 ± 24.4 | 42.9 ± 25.3 | 51.1 ± 25.8 | 35.0 ± 25.1 | 26.2 ± 30.5 |
Gestational age (wks) | 39.3 ± 1.3 | 34.3 ± 0.9 | 30.8 ± 1.1 | 26.3 ± 1.7 | 28.1 ± 2.0 | 26.0 ± 1.9 |
(min–max) | (37–43) | (33–36) | (29–32) | (23–28) | (24–32) | (24–32) |
ROP stage (1/2/3) | 0/0/0 | 0/0/0 | 0/0/0 | 0/0/0 | 16/25/4 | 0/3/7 |
Preeclampsia (yes) | 8 (7.1%) | 18 (18.0%) | 8 (13.1%) | 1 (9.1%) | 6 (21.4%) | 1 (16.7%) |
Placental insufficiency (yes) | 2 (1.8%) | 10 (10.0%) | 2 (3.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
HELLP syndrome (yes) | 0 (0%) | 5 (5.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (10.7%) | 0 (0%) |
Maternal smoking (eys) | 5 (4.4%) | 6 (6.0%) | 6 (9.8%) | 1 (9.1%) | 2 (7.1%) | 1 (16.7%) |
Gestational diabetes (yes) | 1 (0.9%) | 5 (5.0%) | 1 (1.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (3.6%) | 0 (0%) |
Breastfeeding (yes) | 59 (52.2%) | 55 (55.0%) | 33 (54.1%) | 4 (36.4%) | 13 (46.4%) | 2 (33.3%) |
Ocular parameters | ||||||
Spherical equivalent (diopter) OD | −0.24 ± 2.58 | −0.02 ± 3.15 | 0.16 ± 1.80 | 0.40 ± 1.26 | 0.50 ± 4.30 | 0.90 ± 2.40 |
Spherical equivalent (diopter) OS | −0.23 ± 2.60 | −0.01 ± 3.10 | 0.17 ± 1.79 | 0.39 ± 1.24 | 0.49 ± 4.28 | 0.89 ± 4.38 |
Intraocular pressure (mmHg) OD | 15.2 ± 2.8 | 14.7 ± 2.9 | 15.3 ± 3.3 | 16.6 ± 3.4 | 15.3 ± 4.3 | 16.8 ± 4.5 |
Intraocular pressure (mmHg) OS | 15.1 ± 2.8 | 14.6 ± 2.8 | 15.2 ± 3.2 | 15.1 ±3.0 | 15.2 ± 4.2 | 16.7 ± 4.3 |
Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | Group 5 | Group 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gestational Age | GA ≥ 37 | GA 33–36 | GA 29–32 | GA ≤ 28 | GA ≤ 32 | GA ≤ 32 |
no ROP | no ROP | no ROP | ROP without Treatment |
ROP
with Treatment | ||
§ Participants/§eyes (n) OD + OS | 113/182 | 100/160 | 61/101 | 11/18 | 28/45 | 6/10 |
Anterior chamber angle | ||||||
Right eye | ||||||
Nasal (µm) OD | 40.1 ± 7.0 | 40.9 ± 7.0 | 40.7 ± 7.6 | 36.9 ± 4.7 | 42.5 ± 6.5 | 32.1 ± 6.3 ** |
Valid measurements OD (participants/eyes) | 79/81 | 76/77 | 47/48 | 7/8 | 22/23 | 4/4 |
Temporal (µm) OD | 41.8 ± 6.8 | 43.3 ± 6.8 | 43.0 ± 7.7 | 39.7 ± 3.0 | 42.5 ± 7.3 | 27.9 ± 0.4 ** |
Valid measurements OD (participants/eyes) | 50/81 | 48/77 | 32/48 | 4/8 | 14/23 | 2/4 |
Left eye | ||||||
Nasal (µm) OS | 39.0 ± 6.7 | 40.7 ± 6.5 | 40.1 ± 7.2 | 37.0 ± 8.6 | 40.0 ± 6.9 | 30.2 ± 6.9 ** |
Valid measurements OD (participants/eyes) | 99/101 | 82/83 | 53/53 | 10/10 | 22/22 | 6/6 |
Temporal (µm) OS | 40.4 ± 7.7 | 44.8 ± 7.3 # | 42.1 ± 6.7 | 40.0 ± 3.7 | 44.4 ± 9.0 | 31.9 ± 9.0 # |
Valid measurements OD (participants/eyes) | 58/101 | 46/83 | 34/53 | 7/10 | 15/22 | 4/6 |
Univariate Analysis | ||
---|---|---|
B (95% CI) | p | |
Nasal anterior chamber angle (in degrees) | ||
Breastfeeding | 1.269 (−0.809; 3.348) | 0.23 |
Placental insufficiency | −0.735 (−6.098; 4.629) | 0.79 |
Preeclampsia | −1.098 (−3.175; 0.978) | 0.30 |
Gestational age (weeks) | 0.038 (−0.139; 0.214) | 0.68 |
Birth weight (gram) | 0.047 (−0.691; 0.784) | 0.90 |
Birth weight percentile | 0.000 (−0.030; 0.029) | 0.97 |
ROP (yes) | −0.351 (−3.059; 2.357) | 0.80 |
ROP treatment (yes) | −9.6 (−14.7; −4.5) | <0.001 |
Temporal anterior chamber angle (in degrees) | ||
Placental insufficiency (yes) | 2.720 (−0.718; 6.158) | 0.021 |
Preeclampsia (yes) | −1.211 (−4.320; 1.808) | 0.43 |
Breastfeeding (yes) | 1.039 (−0.941; 3.018) | 0.30 |
Gestational age (weeks) | 0.018 (−0.210; 0.247) | 0.87 |
Birth weight (gram) | −0.249 (−1.242; 0.743) | 0.62 |
Birth weight percentile | −0.015 (−0.056; 0.026) | 0.47 |
ROP (yes) | −0.879 (−4.623; 2.864) | 0.65 |
ROP treatment (yes) | −11.5 (−17.7; −5.3) | 0.001 |
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Fieß, A.; Gißler, S.; Mildenberger, E.; Urschitz, M.S.; Fauer, A.; Elflein, H.M.; Zepp, F.; Stoffelns, B.; Pfeiffer, N.; Schuster, A.K. Anterior Chamber Angle in Adults Born Extremely, Very, and Moderately Preterm with and without Retinopathy of Prematurity—Results of the Gutenberg Prematurity Eye Study. Children 2022, 9, 281. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9020281
Fieß A, Gißler S, Mildenberger E, Urschitz MS, Fauer A, Elflein HM, Zepp F, Stoffelns B, Pfeiffer N, Schuster AK. Anterior Chamber Angle in Adults Born Extremely, Very, and Moderately Preterm with and without Retinopathy of Prematurity—Results of the Gutenberg Prematurity Eye Study. Children. 2022; 9(2):281. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9020281
Chicago/Turabian StyleFieß, Achim, Sandra Gißler, Eva Mildenberger, Michael S. Urschitz, Agnes Fauer, Heike M. Elflein, Fred Zepp, Bernhard Stoffelns, Norbert Pfeiffer, and Alexander K. Schuster. 2022. "Anterior Chamber Angle in Adults Born Extremely, Very, and Moderately Preterm with and without Retinopathy of Prematurity—Results of the Gutenberg Prematurity Eye Study" Children 9, no. 2: 281. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9020281