A Systematic Review of Father–Child Play Interactions and the Impacts on Child Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Firstly, we aimed to gain a broad view on the types of play fathers and their children engage in, and by doing so, increase knowledge on the most utilised forms of play throughout paternal research.
- Secondly, we sought to obtain an understanding of how play is being measured in terms of objective and self-report forms of measurement. Prior research has demonstrated that self-report measures, relative to objective measures, are limited by the responder’s introspective ability, honesty and most notably by response biases [25]. Thus, the purpose of obtaining this information was to determine whether the findings of the reviewed articles should be interpreted with caution
- Finally, we wanted to better understand which childhood outcomes have been the focal point across these studies.
2. Method
2.1. Protocol Registration
2.2. Search Strategy
2.3. Study Selection and Data Extraction
2.4. Assessment of Study Quality
3. Results
3.1. Literature Search Process
3.2. System Review: Characteristics and Summary of Results by Play Type
Study | Sample Size | Outcome Measure | Outcome Category | Number of Reported Positive Associations | Number of Reported Negative Associations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[7] | 73 | Positive | A | 1 | 0 |
Positive | EB | 1 | 0 | ||
[29] | 87 | Negative | EB | 0 | 2 |
[28] | 13,717 | Positive | SB | 2 | 0 |
Negative | EB | 0 | 2 |
Study | Sample Size | Combined Play Types | Outcome Measure | Outcome Category | Number of Reported Positive Associations | Number of Reported Negative Associations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[32] | 727 | P-T | Positive | SB | 1 | 0 |
Positive | EB | 1 | 1 | |||
[31] | 14 | P-T | Positive | C | 2 | 0 |
[33] | 112 | P-T | Positive | SB | 0 | 3 |
Negative | EB | 2 | 10 | |||
[30] | 97 | F-T | Positive | A | 1 | 0 |
Positive | C | 1 | 0 |
Study | Sample Size | Outcome Measure | Outcome Category | Number of Reported Positive Associations | Number of Reported Negative Associations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[34] | 175 | Positive | A | 1 | 0 |
[35] | 34 | Positive | A | 2 | 0 |
[36] | 90 | Positive | EB | 1 | 0 |
Study | Sample Size | Outcome Measure | Outcome Category | Number of Reported Positive Associations | Number of Reported Negative Associations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[6] | 103 | Negative | EB | 0 | 1 |
[40] | 750 | Positive | A | 2 | 0 |
[28] | 13,717 | Positive | SB | 2 | 0 |
Negative | EB | 0 | 2 | ||
[38] | 3770 | Positive | C | 1 | 1 |
EB | 0 | 6 | |||
[37] | 89 | Positive | A | 2 | 4 |
C | 1 | 1 | |||
[39] | 295 | Positive | SB | 1 | 0 |
Negative * | EB | 0 | 3 |
Study | Sample Size | Outcome Measure | Outcome Category | Number of Reported Positive Associations | Number of Reported Negative Associations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[41] | 110 | Positive | A | 1 | 1 |
C | 2 | 4 | |||
[37] | 89 | Positive | A | 7 | 4 |
C | 4 | 0 |
Study | Sample Size | Outcome Measure | Outcome Category | Number of Reported Positive Associations | Number of Reported Negative Associations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[47] | 42 | Negative | EB | 0 | 2 |
[42] | 1099 | Positive | C | 1 | 0 |
[43] | 41 | Positive | SB | 0 | 2 |
Negative | EB | 4 | 0 | ||
[44] | 85 | Negative | EB | 1 | 2 |
[45] | 34 | Positive | EB | 1 | 2 |
Negative | EB | 2 | 4 | ||
[49] | 26 | Positive | SB | 0 | 1 |
Negative | EB | 0 | 5 | ||
[48] | 116 | Positive | SB | 15 | 9 |
[46] | 132 | Negative | EB | 1 | 3 |
[39] | 295 | Positive | SB | 0 | 1 |
Negative | EB | 0 | 2 |
Study | Sample Size | Outcome Measure | Outcome Category | Number of Reported Positive Associations | Number of Reported Negative Associations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[51] | 107 | Positive | EB | 1 | 1 |
Negative | EB | 2 | 1 | ||
[50] | 229 | Positive | C | 2 | 0 |
A | 6 | 0 |
Study | Sample Size | Outcome Measure | Outcome Category | Number of Reported Positive Associations | Number of Reported Negative Associations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[52] | 62 | Positive | C | 1 | 0 |
[60] | 70 | Positive | EB | 1 | 0 |
[59] | 80 | Positive | A | 6 | 0 |
Positive | EB | 0 | 2 | ||
Negative | SB | 0 | 4 | ||
[57] | 88 | Positive | SB | 2 | 0 |
Negative | SB | 0 | 2 | ||
[55] | 60 | Positive | A | 1 | 0 |
[12] | 111 | Negative | SB | 0 | 4 |
[58] | 200 | Positive | A | 2 | 0 |
[61] | 32 | Positive | SB | 3 | 0 |
Negative | SB | 1 | 0 | ||
[56] | 74 | Positive | A | 2 | 0 |
C | 2 | 0 | |||
EB | 2 | 0 | |||
[53] | 65 | Positive | C | 2 | 0 |
[54] | 111 | Positive | A | 8 | 4 |
C | 9 | 8 | |||
[62] | 620 | Positive | C | 2 | 0 |
Study | Sample Size | Outcome Measure | Outcome Category | Number of Reported Positive Associations | Number of Reported Negative Associations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[63] | 24 | Positive | EB | 2 | 6 |
SB | 5 | 3 | |||
Negative | SB | 6 | 2 |
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Criterion | 0 Points | 1 Points | 2 Points |
---|---|---|---|
(1) Play interaction measure | Neither objective nor validated | Objective or validated | Objective and validated |
(2) Child outcome measure | Neither objective nor validated | Objective or validated | Objective and validated |
(3) Sample size appropriate for the analysis? | |||
Means Regression Correlation | <15 per group <10 per predictor <30 | 15–30 per group 10–20 per predictor 30–50 | >30 per group >20 per predictor >50 |
(4) Sufficient data reported | Insufficient for meta-analysis AND not provided by author on request | Insufficient for meta-analysis but provided by author on request | Sufficient data for meta- analysis included in the publication |
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Robinson, E.L.; StGeorge, J.; Freeman, E.E. A Systematic Review of Father–Child Play Interactions and the Impacts on Child Development. Children 2021, 8, 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8050389
Robinson EL, StGeorge J, Freeman EE. A Systematic Review of Father–Child Play Interactions and the Impacts on Child Development. Children. 2021; 8(5):389. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8050389
Chicago/Turabian StyleRobinson, Erin Louise, Jennifer StGeorge, and Emily Elsa Freeman. 2021. "A Systematic Review of Father–Child Play Interactions and the Impacts on Child Development" Children 8, no. 5: 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8050389