E-Learning Development Based on Internet of Things and Blockchain Technology during COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Providing a practical framework for IoT-based e-learning;
- Determining the impact of the IoT on e-learning systems;
- Evaluating the performance of the IoT-based education process through a questionnaire.
2. Literature Review
3. Proposed Method
3.1. Problem Statement
3.2. IoT e-Learning
- ✓
- Existence of intelligent interactive class.
- ✓
- Increase students’ creativity by using updated tools.
- ✓
- Comprehensive reporting of student activities.
- ❖
- Reduce costs by communicating directly and without intermediaries with the customer.
- ❖
- Reduce the risk of accidents by providing trust between IoT devices.
- ❖
- Accelerate real-time transactions.
3.3. IoT for Examinations
3.4. Data Collection
4. Performance Assessment
5. Conclusions and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mechanism | Approach | Advantage | Weakness |
---|---|---|---|
Yang and Yu [17] | ZigBee/GPRS wireless network technology system for e-learning |
|
|
Vharkute and Wagh [18] | Combines different applications of e-learning with the help of the IoT |
|
|
Cornel [19] | IoT-based methodology for establishing online virtual labs |
|
|
Abbasy and Quesada [20] | IoT on higher education, including theoretical analysis and a statistical investigation |
|
|
Zahedi and Dehghan [21] | IoT-based e-learning in various aspects |
|
|
Ying, Jiong [22] | Virtual Reality-based Education eXpansion training platform |
|
|
Lin, Yu [23] | Wearable spherical video-based virtual reality |
|
|
Attributes | Property | Value | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 191 | 68.21 |
Female | 89 | 31.79 | |
Age | <23 | 50 | 17.85 |
23–29 | 102 | 36.42 | |
29-35 | 85 | 30.35 | |
>35 | 43 | 15.35 | |
Education rate | Undergraduate | 104 | 37.14 |
Graduate | 176 | 62.86 |
Variables | Items | Scale | |
---|---|---|---|
Flexibility | F1 | The IoT-based e-learning allows me to organize my teaching time. | 1 (Completely disagree) 2 (Disagree) 3 (No comment) 4 (Agree) 5 (Completely agree) |
F2 | The IoT-based e-learning allows me to have complete control over my education. | ||
F3 | My learning environment is flexible. | ||
Learning experience | LE1 | A teacher has trained me to learn remotely. | |
LE2 | I have been trained in effective e-learning. | ||
LE3 | Students are happy to be taught with this model. | ||
Educational productivity | EP1 | I am an effective student. | |
EP2 | I am satisfied with the quality of our IoT-based e-learning. | ||
EP3 | I train efficiently. | ||
EP4 | I am a very active student. | ||
EP5 | My teacher believes that I am an active student. | ||
EP6 | Among the students in the class, I rank my performance in the upper half of the course. | ||
E-learning | DL1 | Do a lot of homework daily during IoT-based e-learning. | |
DL2 | IoT-based e-learning allows me to be more effective. | ||
DL3 | IoT-based e-learning is an efficient model for education. | ||
Quality of education | QoE1 | I am satisfied with the educational opportunities available at the IoT-based e-learning. | |
QoE2 | My learning time is commensurate with my living conditions. | ||
QoE3 | My learning environment is stable. | ||
QoE4 | When I am learning, I forget what is happening around me. |
Constructs | Items | λ | VIF | AVE | CR | CA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flexibility (F) | F1 | 0.903 | 2.141 | 0.537 | 0.814 | 0.729 |
F2 | 0.899 | 1.897 | ||||
F3 | 0.871 | 2.019 | ||||
Learning experience (LE) | LE1 | 0.834 | 1.513 | 0.585 | 0.736 | 0.723 |
LE2 | 0.752 | 1.631 | ||||
LE3 | 0.834 | 1.207 | ||||
Educational productivity (EP) | EP1 | 0.876 | 1.403 | 0.707 | 0.839 | 0.724 |
EP2 | 0.722 | 2.081 | ||||
EP3 | 0.885 | 1.742 | ||||
EP4 | 0.783 | 1.859 | ||||
EP5 | 0.798 | 1.727 | ||||
EP6 | 0.831 | 1.696 | ||||
E-learning (EL) | EL1 | 0.733 | 1.551 | 0.677 | 0.814 | 0.762 |
EL2 | 0.917 | 1.024 | ||||
EL3 | 0.845 | 1.857 | ||||
Quality of education (QoE) | QoE1 | 0.873 | 1.438 | 0.633 | 0.805 | 0.712 |
QoE2 | 0.892 | 1.207 | ||||
QoE3 | 0.811 | 1.376 | ||||
QoE4 | 0.837 | 1.484 |
F | LE | EP | EL | QoE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flexibility | 0.735 | ||||
Learning experience | 0.592 | 0.747 | |||
Educational productivity | 0.504 | 0.539 | 0.711 | ||
E-learning | 0.396 | 0.461 | 0.595 | 0.741 | |
Quality of education | 0.407 | 0.363 | 0.505 | 0.589 | 0.847 |
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Rahmani, A.M.; Ali Naqvi, R.; Hussain Malik, M.; Malik, T.S.; Sadrishojaei, M.; Hosseinzadeh, M.; Al-Musawi, A. E-Learning Development Based on Internet of Things and Blockchain Technology during COVID-19 Pandemic. Mathematics 2021, 9, 3151. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9243151
Rahmani AM, Ali Naqvi R, Hussain Malik M, Malik TS, Sadrishojaei M, Hosseinzadeh M, Al-Musawi A. E-Learning Development Based on Internet of Things and Blockchain Technology during COVID-19 Pandemic. Mathematics. 2021; 9(24):3151. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9243151
Chicago/Turabian StyleRahmani, Amir Masoud, Rizwan Ali Naqvi, Mazhar Hussain Malik, Tauqeer Safdar Malik, Mahyar Sadrishojaei, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, and Ali Al-Musawi. 2021. "E-Learning Development Based on Internet of Things and Blockchain Technology during COVID-19 Pandemic" Mathematics 9, no. 24: 3151. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9243151
APA StyleRahmani, A. M., Ali Naqvi, R., Hussain Malik, M., Malik, T. S., Sadrishojaei, M., Hosseinzadeh, M., & Al-Musawi, A. (2021). E-Learning Development Based on Internet of Things and Blockchain Technology during COVID-19 Pandemic. Mathematics, 9(24), 3151. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9243151