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Article

Exceptional Differential Polynomial Systems Formed by Simple Pseudo-Wronskians of Jacobi Polynomials and Their Infinite and Finite X-Orthogonal Reductions

Independent Researcher, Silver Spring, MD 20904, USA
Mathematics 2025, 13(9), 1487; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13091487
Submission received: 20 March 2025 / Revised: 21 April 2025 / Accepted: 25 April 2025 / Published: 30 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polynomials: Theory and Applications, 2nd Edition)

Abstract

The paper advances a new technique for constructing the exceptional differential polynomial systems (X-DPSs) and their infinite and finite orthogonal subsets. First, using Wronskians of Jacobi polynomials (JPWs) with a common pair of the indexes, we generate the Darboux–Crum nets of the rational canonical Sturm–Liouville equations (RCSLEs). It is shown that each RCSLE in question has four infinite sequences of quasi-rational solutions (q-RSs) such that their polynomial components from each sequence form a X-Jacobi DPS composed of simple pseudo-Wronskian polynomials (p-WPs). For each p-th order rational Darboux Crum transform of the Jacobi-reference (JRef) CSLE, used as the starting point, we formulate two rational Sturm–Liouville problems (RSLPs) by imposing the Dirichlet boundary conditions on the solutions of the so-called ‘prime’ SLE (p-SLE) at the ends of the intervals (−1, +1) or (+1, ∞). Finally, we demonstrate that the polynomial components of the q-RSs representing the eigenfunctions of these two problems have the form of simple p-WPs composed of p Romanovski–Jacobi (R-Jacobi) polynomials with the same pair of indexes and a single classical Jacobi polynomial, or, accordingly, p classical Jacobi polynomials with the same pair of positive indexes and a single R-Jacobi polynomial. The common, fundamentally important feature of all the simple p-WPs involved is that they do not vanish at the finite singular endpoints—the main reason why they were selected for the current analysis in the first place. The discussion is accompanied by a sketch of the one-dimensional quantum-mechanical problems exactly solvable by the aforementioned infinite and finite EOP sequences.
Keywords: rational Sturm-Liouville equation; pseudo-Wronskian polynomial; Darboux–Crum transformation; exceptional differential polynomial system; exceptional orthogonal polynomial system; exceptional orthogonal polynomials; Romanovski–Jacobi polynomials; Dirichlet problem rational Sturm-Liouville equation; pseudo-Wronskian polynomial; Darboux–Crum transformation; exceptional differential polynomial system; exceptional orthogonal polynomial system; exceptional orthogonal polynomials; Romanovski–Jacobi polynomials; Dirichlet problem

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MDPI and ACS Style

Natanson, G. Exceptional Differential Polynomial Systems Formed by Simple Pseudo-Wronskians of Jacobi Polynomials and Their Infinite and Finite X-Orthogonal Reductions. Mathematics 2025, 13, 1487. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13091487

AMA Style

Natanson G. Exceptional Differential Polynomial Systems Formed by Simple Pseudo-Wronskians of Jacobi Polynomials and Their Infinite and Finite X-Orthogonal Reductions. Mathematics. 2025; 13(9):1487. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13091487

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natanson, Gregory. 2025. "Exceptional Differential Polynomial Systems Formed by Simple Pseudo-Wronskians of Jacobi Polynomials and Their Infinite and Finite X-Orthogonal Reductions" Mathematics 13, no. 9: 1487. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13091487

APA Style

Natanson, G. (2025). Exceptional Differential Polynomial Systems Formed by Simple Pseudo-Wronskians of Jacobi Polynomials and Their Infinite and Finite X-Orthogonal Reductions. Mathematics, 13(9), 1487. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13091487

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