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Volume 13
Issue 8
10.3390/math13081261
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Article

Prime Strictly Concentric Magic Squares of Odd Order

by
Anna Louise Skelt
,
Stephanie Perkins
and
Paul Alun Roach
*
School of Computing and Mathematics, University of South Wales, Llantwit Rd, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Mathematics 2025, 13(8), 1261; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13081261
Submission received: 28 February 2025 / Revised: 8 April 2025 / Accepted: 9 April 2025 / Published: 11 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Section A: Algebra and Logic)
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Abstract

Magic squares have been widely studied, with publications of mathematical interest dating back over 100 years. Most studies construct and analyse specific subsets of magic squares, with some exploring links to puzzles, number theory, and graph theory. The subset of magic squares this paper focuses on are those termed prime strictly concentric magic squares (PSCMS), and their general definitions, examples, and important properties are also presented. Previously, only the minimum centre cell values of PSCMS of odd order 5 to 19 were presented, by Makarova in 2015. In this paper, the corresponding list of primes for all minimum PSCMS of order 5 is given, and the number of minimum PSCMS of order 5 is enumerated.
Keywords: magic squares; prime; concentric; enumeration magic squares; prime; concentric; enumeration

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MDPI and ACS Style

Skelt, A.L.; Perkins, S.; Roach, P.A. Prime Strictly Concentric Magic Squares of Odd Order. Mathematics 2025, 13, 1261. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13081261

AMA Style

Skelt AL, Perkins S, Roach PA. Prime Strictly Concentric Magic Squares of Odd Order. Mathematics. 2025; 13(8):1261. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13081261

Chicago/Turabian Style

Skelt, Anna Louise, Stephanie Perkins, and Paul Alun Roach. 2025. "Prime Strictly Concentric Magic Squares of Odd Order" Mathematics 13, no. 8: 1261. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13081261

APA Style

Skelt, A. L., Perkins, S., & Roach, P. A. (2025). Prime Strictly Concentric Magic Squares of Odd Order. Mathematics, 13(8), 1261. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13081261

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