Adapting an Educational Software Internationally: Cultural and Linguistical Adaptation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Theoretical Base of Cross-Cultural Adaptation
2. Methodology
2.1. Recruitment Strategy
2.2. Strengthening the Quality of the Evidence: Triangulating Research Methods
2.2.1. Focus Groups
2.2.2. Language Adaptation Team
2.2.3. Panel of Experts
2.2.4. Student Panel
2.2.5. Face Validity Survey
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Cross-Cultural Equivalence Model
3.2. Establishing Trustworthiness of Data
3.3. Coding Process
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Future Directions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Brislin, R.W.; Lonner, W.J.; Thorndike, R.M. Cross-Cultural Research Methods; John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1973; Volume 11. [Google Scholar]
- High, M.D. The Perils and Potential Benefits of Machine Translation in Transnational Higher Education. In Handbook of Research on Developments and Future Trends in Transnational Higher Education; IGI Global: Hershey, PA, USA, 2023; pp. 115–135. [Google Scholar]
- Jaakkola, H.; Heimburger, A. Cross-cultural software engineering. Informatologia 2009, 42, 256–264. [Google Scholar]
- Welzer, T.; Družovec, M.; Kamišalići, A. Cultural aspects in technology-enhanced education. In Proceedings of the World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering 2018, Prague, Czech Republic, 3–8 June 2018; pp. 885–888. [Google Scholar]
- Pardoel, Z.E.; Reijneveld, S.A.; Postma, M.J.; Lensink, R.; Koot, J.A.; Swe, K.H.; Van Nguyen, M.; Pamungkasari, E.P.; Tenkink, L.; Vervoort, J.P. A Guideline for Contextual Adaptation of Community-Based Health Interventions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Authentic World. Institution Administrator: User Guide; SafeMedicate: Cardiff, UK, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Young, S.; Weeks, K.W.; Hutton, B.M. Safety in Numbers 1: Essential numerical and scientific principles underpinning medication dose calculation. Nurse Educ. Pract. 2013, 13, e11–e22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nettlefold, L.; Gray, S.M.; Sims-Gould, J.; McKay, H.A. Overview of Translational Research, Implementation Science, and Scale-Up. Kinesiol. Rev. 2023, 1, 2–3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weeks, K.W.; Coben, D.; O’Neill, D.; Jones, A.; Weeks, A.; Brown, M.; Pontin, D. Developing and integrating nursing competence through authentic technology-enhanced clinical simulation education: Pedagogies for reconceptualising the theory-practice gap. Nurse Educ. Pract. 2019, 37, 29–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holland, K. Editorial Commentary for the Special eSupplement Series of papers on the evidence-based development of a Medicine Management Learning Tool (Authentic World©). Nurse Educ. Pract. 2013, 13, e1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stolic, S.; Emmanuel, E.; Gore, A. An Integrative Review of Medication Calculation Assessment Strategies for Stu-dent Nurses. Int. J. Nurs. Health Care Res. 2019, 12, 1129. [Google Scholar]
- Giuffrida, S.; Silano, V.; Ramacciati, N.; Prandi, C.; Baldon, A.; Bianchi, M. Teaching strategies of clinical reasoning in advanced nursing clinical practice: A scoping review. Nurse Educ. Pract. 2023, 67, 103548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Møller, M.; Tørring, B. Hvorfor er lægemiddelregning så vanskeligt?–en kvalitativ undersøgelse af implementering af matematiske begrebsområder i undervisning i lægemiddelregning på sygeplejerskeuddannelsen. Nord. Sygeplejeforskning 2022, 12, 1–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nghiêm-Phú, B.; Nguyễn, T.H. University lecturers’ use of active teaching methods: A segmentation study concerning trust, empowerment, thinking styles and emotional intelligence. J. Asian Bus. Econ. Stud. 2022, 29, 189–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dutra, S.V.O.; Kumar, K.; Clochesy, J.M. Instruction strategies for drug calculation skills: A systematic review of the literature. Nurse Educ. Today 2022, 111, 105299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weeks, K.W.; Clochesy, J.M.; Hutton, B.M.; Moseley, L. Safety in numbers 4: The relationship between exposure to authentic and didactic environments and nursing students’ learning of medication dosage calculation problem solving knowledge and skills. Nurse Educ. Pract. 2013, 13, e43–e54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bath, J.B.; Chinn, S.J.; Knox, D.E. Test of Cognitive Style in Mathematics. In TCSM; Pugh, R., Wright, D., Eds.; Slosson Educational Publications: Billington Heights, NY, USA, 1986. [Google Scholar]
- Bath, J.B.; Blais, K. Learning style as a predictor of drug dosage calculation ability. Nurse Educ. 1993, 18, 33–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chinn, S. Learning Styles and Mathematics. In Dyslexia: Successful Inclusion in the Secondary School; Routledge: Abingdon, UK, 2001; p. 117. [Google Scholar]
- Alegria, M.; Vila, D.; Woo, M.; Canino, G.; Takeuchi, D.; Vera, M.; Febo, V.; Guarnaccia, P.; Aguilar-Gaxiola, S.; Shrout, P. Cultural relevance and equivalence in the NLAAS instrument: Integrating etic and emic in the development of cross-cultural measures for a psychiatric epidemiology and services study of Latinos. Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res. 2004, 13, 270–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bravo, M.; Woodbury-Farina, M. The Spanish translation and cultural adaptation of the diagnostic interview schedule for children. Cult. Med. Psychiatry 1993, 17, 329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Monteiro, D.Q.; Ottaviani, A.C.; Campos, C.R.; Barham, E.J.; de Oliveira, D.C.; da Cruz, K.C.; Pavarini, S.C.; de Souza Orlandi, F.; Zazzetta, M.S.; Jacinto, A.F. iSupport-Brasil: Cross-cultural adaptation of the content included in the iSupport program for caregivers of people who have dementia. Dementia 2023, 14713012231152555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matías-Carrelo, L.E.; Chávez, L.M.; Negrón, G.; Canino, G.; Aguilar-Gaxiola, S.; Hoppe, S. The Spanish Translation and Cultural Adaptation of Five Mental Health Outcome Measures. Cult. Med. Psychiatry 2003, 27, 291–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Berry, J.W. Emics and etics: A symbiotic conception. Cult. Psychol. 1999, 5, 165–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maríñez-Lora, A.M.; Boustani, M.; del Busto, C.T.; Leone, C. A Framework for Translating an Evidence-Based Intervention from English to Spanish. Hisp. J. Behav. Sci. 2016, 38, 117–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gromkowska-Melosik, A. Cross-Cultural Research: Insider/Outsider Dichotomy Reconsidered. Prz. Badań Eduk. 2021, 1, 205–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yanto, E.S.; Pandin MOP, M. The Position of Insider (Emic) and Outsider (Etic): A Review of Deborah Court and Randa Khair Abbas’ Insider-Outsider Research in Qualitative Inquiry: New Perspectives on Method and Meaning. Qual. Rep. 2023, 28, 437–447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brislin, R.W. Back-translation for cross-cultural research. J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 1970, 1, 185–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jones, P.S.; Lee, J.W.; Phillips, L.R.; Zhang, X.E.; Jaceldo, K.B. An Adaptation of Brislin’s Translation Model for Cross-cultural Research. Nurs. Res. 2001, 50, 300–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pike, K.L. Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior, 2nd ed.; Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG: Berlin, Germany, 1967. [Google Scholar]
- Helfrich, H. Beyond the dilemma of cross-cultural psychology: Resolving the tension between etic and emic approaches. Cult. Psychol. 1999, 5, 131–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dutra, S.V.O.; Chee, V.; Weeks, K.; Pontin, D.; Clochesy, J.M. Evaluation and Recommendations for the Brazilian Version of safeMedicate: A Cross-Cultural Adaptation. Educ. Sci. 2023, 13, 223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cook, B.G.; Fleming, J.I.; Hart, S.A.; Lane, K.L.; Therrien, W.J.; van Dijk, W.; Wilson, S.E. A How-to Guide for Open-Science Practices in Special Education Research. Remedial Spec. Educ. 2022, 43, 270–280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hsieh, H.-F.; Shannon, S.E. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual. Health Res. 2005, 15, 1277–1288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Saldaña, J. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers; Sage Publications Ltd.: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2021; pp. 1–440. [Google Scholar]
- Hsu, C.-C.; Sandford, B.A. The Delphi technique: Making sense of consensus. Pract. Assess. Res. Eval. 2007, 12, 10. [Google Scholar]
- Hsu, C.L. The Delphi Tehcnique: An Efficient and Effective Tool for Gathering Expert Opinion. Front. Psychol. 2022, 13. [Google Scholar]
- Movsisyan, A.; Arnold, L.; Evans, R.; Hallingberg, B.; Moore, G.; O’Cathain, A.; Pfadenhauer, L.M.; Segrott, J.; Rehfuess, E. Adapting evidence-informed complex population health interventions for new contexts: A systematic review of guidance. Implement. Sci. 2019, 14, 105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Behling, O.; Law, K.S. Translating Questionnaires and Other Research Instruments: Problems and Solutions; Sage Publications Ltd.: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2000; Volume 133. [Google Scholar]
- Ulin, P.R.; Robinson, E.T.; Tolley, E. Qualitative methods in public health. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2005, 37, 1249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Creswell, J.W.; Poth, C.N. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches; Sage Publications Ltd.: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Biernacki, P.; Waldorf, D. Snowball sampling: Problems and techniques of chain referral sampling. Sociol. Methods Res. 1981, 10, 141–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marcus, B.; Weigelt, O.; Hergert, J.; Gurt, J.; Gelléri, P. The Use of Snowball Sampling for Multi Source Organizational Research: Some Cause for Concern. Pers. Psychol. 2016, 70, 635–673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Edwards, S. Reflective Journaling. In Varieties of Qualitative Research Methods: Selected Contextual Perspectives; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2023; pp. 419–424. [Google Scholar]
- Häder, M. Delphi-Befragungen: Ein Arbeitsbuch; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Turoff, M.; Linstone, H.A. The Delphi Method-Techniques and Applications; Addison-Wesley: London, UK, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Harteis, C. Delphi-technique as a method for research on professional learning. In Methods for Researching Professional Learning and Development: Challenges, Applications and Empirical Illustrations; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2022; pp. 351–371. [Google Scholar]
- Aengenheyster, S.; Cuhls, K.; Gerhold, L.; Heiskanen-Schüttler, M.; Huck, J.; Muszynska, M. Real-Time Delphi in practice—A comparative analysis of existing software-based tools. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2017, 118, 15–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Young, D.R.; Johnson, C.C.; Steckler, A.; Gittelsohn, J.; Saunders, R.P.; Saksvig, B.I.; Ribisl, K.M.; Lytle, L.A.; McKenzie, T.L. Data to action: Using formative research to develop intervention programs to increase physical activity in adolescent girls. Health Educ. Behav. 2006, 33, 97–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Speziale, H.S.; Carpenter, D.R. Qualitative Research in Nursing; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Schulze, L.; Trenz, M.; Cai, Z.; Tan, C.-W. Conducting Online Focus Groups-Practical Advice for Information Systems Researchers. Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst. 2023, 52, 20. [Google Scholar]
- Bangor, A.; Kortum, P.; Miller, J. Determining what individual SUS scores mean: Adding an adjective rating scale. J. Usability Stud. 2009, 4, 114–123. [Google Scholar]
- Lewis, J.R. The system usability scale: Past, present, and future. Int. J. Hum.–Comput. Interact. 2018, 34, 577–590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vlachogianni, P.; Tselios, N. Perceived usability evaluation of educational technology using the System Usability Scale (SUS): A systematic review. J. Res. Technol. Educ. 2022, 54, 392–409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MacQueen, K.M.; McLellan, E.; Kay, K.; Milstein, B. Codebook development for team-based qualitative analysis. CAM J. 1998, 10, 31–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beaton, D.E.; Bombardier, C.; Guillemin, F.; Ferraz, M.B. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine 2000, 25, 3186–3191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Borsa, J.C.; Damásio, B.F.; Bandeira, D.R. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of psychological instruments: Some considerations. Paidéia 2012, 22, 423–432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Harkness, J.A.; Van de Vijver, F.J.; Mohler, P.P.; fur Umfragen, Z. Cross-Cultural Survey Methods; Wiley-Interscience: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2003; Volume 325. [Google Scholar]
- Harkness, J.A.; für Umfragen, Z. Cross-Cultural Survey Equivalence; Zentrum für Umfragen, Methoden und Analysen (ZUMA): Mannheim, Germany, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Harkness, J.; Braun, M.; Edwards, B.; Johnson, T.; Lyberg, L.; Mohler, P.; Smith, T. Survey Methods in Multinational, Multicultural, and Multiregional Contexts; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Txabarriaga, R. IMIA Guide on Medical Translation; International Medical Interpreters Association: Boston, MA, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Epstein, J.; Osborne, R.H.; Elsworth, G.R.; Beaton, D.E.; Guillemin, F. Cross-cultural adaptation of the Health Education Impact Questionnaire: Experimental study showed expert committee, not back-translation, added value. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2015, 68, 360–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cha, E.S.; Kim, K.H.; Erlen, J.A. Translation of scales in cross-cultural research: Issues and techniques. J. Adv. Nurs. 2007, 58, 386–395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sperber, A.D.; Devellis, R.F.; Boehlecke, B. Cross-cultural translation: Methodology and validation. J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 1994, 25, 501–524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McDermott, M.; Palchanes, K. A process for translating and testing a quantitative measure for cross-cultural nursing research. J. N. Y. State Nurses’ Assoc. 1992, 23, 12–15. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Lee, J.W.; Jones, P.S.; Mineyama, Y.; Zhang, X.E. Cultural differences in responses to a Likert scale. Res. Nurs. Health 2002, 25, 295–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Harkness. VIII. Translation. Available online: http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/translation.cfm#r14 (accessed on 10 April 2016).
- Sousa, V.D.; Rojjanasrirat, W. Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: A clear and user-friendly guideline. J. Eval. Clin. Pract. 2011, 17, 268–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bauermeister, J.J.; So, C.Y.; Jensen, P.S.; Krispin, O.; El Din, A.S. Development of adaptable and flexible treatment manuals for externalizing and internalizing disorders in children and adolescents. Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr. 2006, 28, 67–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Collado, A.; Castillo, S.D.; Maero, F.; Lejuez, C.W.; MacPherson, L. Pilot of the Brief Behavioral Activation Treatment for Depression in Latinos With Limited English Proficiency: Preliminary Evaluation of Efficacy and Acceptability. Behav. Ther. 2014, 45, 102–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pekmezi, D.; Dunsiger, S.; Gans, K.; Bock, B.; Gaskins, R.; Marquez, B.; Lee, C.; Neighbors, C.; Jennings, E.; Tilkemeier, P.; et al. Rationale, design, and baseline findings from Seamos Saludables: A randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of a culturally and linguistically adapted, computer- tailored physical activity intervention for Latinas. Contemp. Clin. Trials 2012, 33, 1261–1271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Baruah, U.; Loganathan, S.; Shivakumar, P.; Pot, A.M.; Mehta, K.M.; Gallagher-Thompson, D.; Dua, T.; Varghese, M. Adaptation of an online training and support program for caregivers of people with dementia to Indian cultural setting. Asian J. Psychiatry 2021, 59, 102624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Holloway, I.; Galvin, K. Qualitative Research in Nursing and Healthcare; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Hays, D.G.; McKibben, W.B. Promoting Rigorous Research: Generalizability and Qualitative Research. J. Couns. Dev. 2021, 99, 178–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Translator 1: | Primary investigator; female; born and graduated nursing school in Brazil; worked as a professor in a Brazilian university; doctoral candidate at the University of South Florida, USA. |
Translator 2: | Professional translator certified by the International Medical Interpreters Association (IMIA); prior experience translating medical information from English to Portuguese, but not a healthcare professional. |
Project staff: | Female; born and graduated nursing school in USA; earned masters and doctoral degree at Texas Womans University, USA; professor in a Brazilian university for 30 years. |
Professional 1 | MSN, RN; Brazilian nursing working in the market for 16 years, 8 years as clinical supervisor of nursing students, and 11 years as nursing professor. |
Professional 2 | MSN, RN; Brazilian nursing working in the market for 15 years, 10 years as clinical supervisor of nursing students, and 12 years as nursing professor. |
Professional 3 | PhD, RN; Brazilian nursing working in the market for 11 years, 11 years as clinical supervisor of nursing students, and 11 years as nursing professor (started as substitute professor becoming full professor for the last 3 years). |
Professional 4 | Nursing specialist, RN; Brazilian nursing working in the market for 23 years and 10 years as a nursing professor. This professional worked as nursing coordinator of various nursing programs for 19 years. |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ozorio Dutra, S.V.; Chee, V.; Clochesy, J.M. Adapting an Educational Software Internationally: Cultural and Linguistical Adaptation. Educ. Sci. 2023, 13, 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13030237
Ozorio Dutra SV, Chee V, Clochesy JM. Adapting an Educational Software Internationally: Cultural and Linguistical Adaptation. Education Sciences. 2023; 13(3):237. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13030237
Chicago/Turabian StyleOzorio Dutra, Samia Valeria, Vanessa Chee, and John M. Clochesy. 2023. "Adapting an Educational Software Internationally: Cultural and Linguistical Adaptation" Education Sciences 13, no. 3: 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13030237
APA StyleOzorio Dutra, S. V., Chee, V., & Clochesy, J. M. (2023). Adapting an Educational Software Internationally: Cultural and Linguistical Adaptation. Education Sciences, 13(3), 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13030237