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Article

Metabolic Profiling of Primary Metabolites and Galantamine Biosynthesis in Wounded Lycoris radiata Callus

by
Chang Ha Park
1,†,
Ramaraj Sathasivam
1,†,
Bao Van Nguyen
2,†,
Seung-A Baek
3,
Hyeon Ji Yeo
1,
Ye Eun Park
1,
Haeng Hoon Kim
4,
Jae Kwang Kim
3,* and
Sang Un Park
1,2,*
1
Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
2
Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
3
Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Yeonsugu, Incheon 22012, Korea
4
Department of Well-being Resources, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Chang Ha Park, Ramaraj Sathasivam, and Bao Van Nguyen contributed equally to this work.
Plants 2020, 9(11), 1616; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111616
Submission received: 16 October 2020 / Revised: 16 November 2020 / Accepted: 18 November 2020 / Published: 20 November 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Tissue Culture)
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Abstract

Plants are continuously exposed to abiotic and biotic factors that lead to wounding stress. Different plants exhibit diverse defense mechanisms through which various important metabolites are synthesized. Humans can exploit these mechanisms to improve the efficacy of existing drugs and to develop new ones. Most previous studies have focused on the effects of wounding stress on the different plant parts, such as leaves, stems, and roots. To date, however, no study has investigated the accumulation of primary and galantamine content following the exposure of a callus to wounding stress. Therefore, in the present study, we exposed Lycoris radiata calli to wounding stress and assessed the expression levels of several genes involved in metabolic pathways at various time points (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure). Furthermore, we quantify the primary and galantamine content using gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry and the high-performance liquid chromatography qRT-PCR analysis of eight galantamine pathway genes (LrPAL-2, LrPAL-3, LrC4H-2, LrC3H, LrTYDC2, LrN4OMT, LrNNR, and LrCYP96T) revealed that seven genes, except LrN4OMT, were significantly expressed following exposure to wounding stress. Galantamine contents of calli after 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure were respectively 2.5, 2.5, 3.5, 3.5, 5.0, 5.0, and 8.5 times higher than that after 0 h of exposure. Furthermore, a total of 48 hydrophilic metabolites were detected in the 0 h exposed callus and 96 h exposed callus using GC-TOFMS. In particular, a strong positive correlation between galantamine and initial precursors, such as phenylalanine and tyrosine, was observed.
Keywords: Lycoris radiata; wounding stress; metabolic profiling; galantamine biosynthesis Lycoris radiata; wounding stress; metabolic profiling; galantamine biosynthesis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Park, C.H.; Sathasivam, R.; Nguyen, B.V.; Baek, S.-A.; Yeo, H.J.; Park, Y.E.; Kim, H.H.; Kim, J.K.; Park, S.U. Metabolic Profiling of Primary Metabolites and Galantamine Biosynthesis in Wounded Lycoris radiata Callus. Plants 2020, 9, 1616. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111616

AMA Style

Park CH, Sathasivam R, Nguyen BV, Baek S-A, Yeo HJ, Park YE, Kim HH, Kim JK, Park SU. Metabolic Profiling of Primary Metabolites and Galantamine Biosynthesis in Wounded Lycoris radiata Callus. Plants. 2020; 9(11):1616. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111616

Chicago/Turabian Style

Park, Chang Ha, Ramaraj Sathasivam, Bao Van Nguyen, Seung-A Baek, Hyeon Ji Yeo, Ye Eun Park, Haeng Hoon Kim, Jae Kwang Kim, and Sang Un Park. 2020. "Metabolic Profiling of Primary Metabolites and Galantamine Biosynthesis in Wounded Lycoris radiata Callus" Plants 9, no. 11: 1616. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111616

APA Style

Park, C. H., Sathasivam, R., Nguyen, B. V., Baek, S.-A., Yeo, H. J., Park, Y. E., Kim, H. H., Kim, J. K., & Park, S. U. (2020). Metabolic Profiling of Primary Metabolites and Galantamine Biosynthesis in Wounded Lycoris radiata Callus. Plants, 9(11), 1616. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111616

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