Pedicularis L. Genus: Systematics, Botany, Phytochemistry, Chemotaxonomy, Ethnopharmacology, and Other
Abstract
:1. Systematics
2. Etymology of the Name
3. Botany
4. Distribution and Habitat
5. Phytochemistry
6. Corollary to Phytochemistry
7. Methodologies for the Phytochemical Analysis
8. Chemotaxonomy
9. Ethnopharmacology
10. Corollary for Ethnopharmacology
11. Pharmacology
12. Relationships among Pharmacology, Ethnopharmacology, and Phytochemistry
13. Other Uses
14. Curiosities
15. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
a.n. | accepted name |
n.r. | none reported |
n.s. | not specified |
s.n. | synonym name |
u.n. | unresolved name |
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Pedicularis spp. | Studied Organs | Phytochemical Compounds | References |
---|---|---|---|
P. acmodonta Boiss. (u.n.) | n.s. | leucosceptoside A, echinacoside | [15] |
P. alaschanica Maxim. (a.n.) | aerial parts | alaschanioside A, alaschanioside C, citrusin A, syringaresinol-4-O-β-d-glucoside, verbascoside, leucosceptoside A, martynoside, boschnaloside, ixoroside, euphroside, geniposidic acid, mussaenosidic acid | [16,17] |
P. armata Maxim (a.n.) | whole plant | armaoside, citrusin B, euphroside, mussaenoside, geniposidic acid, 8-epi-loganic acid, aucubin | [18] |
P. artselaeri Maxim. (a.n.) | whole plant | lariciresinol-4-O-β-d-glucoside, lariciresinol-4′-O-β-d-glucoside, alaschanioside A, citrusin A, artselaeroside A, artselaeroside B, 2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-ethanol-1-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, iso-verbascoside, martynoside, artselaenin I, artselaenin III, artselaenin A, artselaenin B, artselaenin C, 8-epi-loganic acid, 8-epi-loganin, 7-deoxy-8-epi-loganic acid, plantarenaloside, mussaenoside, aucubin, 6-O-methyl-aucubin, 6-O-methyl-epi-aucubin, ixoroside, 7-deoxy-gardoside, gardoside methyl ester, caryoptoside, shanzhiside methyl ester, 3-methoxy-4-primeverosyl-acetophenone | [19,20] |
P. bicornuta Klotzsch (u.n.) | whole plant | alkaloids, lignans glycosides, phenylpropanoid glycosides, flavonoids, iridoids (exact compounds not specified) | [21] |
P. bracteosa Benth. (a.n.) | aerial parts | aucubin, mussaenoside | [22] |
P. bracteosa subsp. paysoniana (Pennell) W.A. Weber (a.n.) | whole plant | alkaloids (exact compounds not specified) | [23] |
P. capitata Adams (a.n.) | leaves | alkaloids (exact compounds not specified) | [24] |
P. cephalantha Franch. ex. Maxim. (a.n.) | whole plant | kidjolanin, pinoresinol, martynoside, iso-martynoside, clerodenoside A, acacetin, luteolin, 7-deoxy-gardoside, plantarenaloside, mussaenosidic acid, euphroside, mussaenoside, aucubin | [25] |
P. chamissonis Steven (a.n.) | leaves | verbascoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-glucuronide | [26] |
P. chinensis Maxim. (a.n.) | roots | syringaresinol-4-O-β-d-glucoside, martynoside, cis-martynoside, pedicularioside N, 1-O-β-d-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl-β-d-apiosyl-l-(1→3)-rhamnosyl-(1→6)-4-trans-feruloyl-glucopyranoside, 1-O-β-d-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl-β-1-(1→3)-4-trans-feruloyl-glucopyranoside, 1-O-β-d-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl-α-l-rhamnosyl(1→3)-4-cis-feruloyl-gulopyranoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, aucubin, 6-O-methyl-aucubin, 6-O-butyl-aucubin, 3β-butoxy-3,4-dihydro-aucubin, 6-O-butyl-epi-aucubin, iridolactone, bartsioside, pedicularislactone, pedicularislactone glucoside, rel-(6R,5R,9R)-(2-oxa-bicyclo-[3,3,0]oct-3-one-8-en-9,8-diyl)-dimethanol | [27,28] |
P. comosa L. (a.n.) | aerial parts | verbascoside, forsythoside B | [15] |
P. condensata | aerial parts | verbascoside, echinacoside, aucubin, 6-O-acetyl-aucubin, 8-epi-loganin, mussaenoside, shanzhiside methyl ester, gardoside methyl ester | [29] |
P. crenulata Benth. (a.n.) | aerial parts | anagyrine, aucubin, euphroside, plantarenaloside | [22,30] |
P. decora Franch. (a.n.) | whole plant | β-sitosterol, β-daucosterol, iso-verbascoside, kaempferol, aucubin, lamalbid, pedicularislactone glucoside, ningpogoside B, d-mannitol, β-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl-O-a-l-rhamnopyranosyl- (1–3)-β-d-glucopyranoside, salicylic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, cysteine, methionine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, valine, arginine, proline, leucine, tyrosine | [31,32,33,34,35,36] |
P. densispica Franch. ex. Maxim. (a.n.) | whole plant | pedicutricone A, (+)-isolariciresinol 3a-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, pinoresinol-4-O-β-d-glucoside, syringaresinol-4-O-β-d-glucoside, longifloroside B, densispicoside, verbascoside, martynoside, iso-martynoside, 2″-O-acetyl-verbascoside, cis-martynoside, salidroside, darendoside B, 4-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-sinapic acid methyl ester, 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,3-propantriol, citrusin C, robustaside B, acacetin, kaempferol, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3,7-O-α-di-rhamnopyranoside, scutellarein-7-O-glucoside, chrysoeriol-7-O-glucoside, mussaenin A, mussaenoside, argyol, densispicnin A, densispicnin B, densispicnin C, densispicnin D, shanzhiside methyl ester, 8-epi-loganin, dearabinosyl-pneumonanthoside, maltol-β-d-glucoside | [37,38,39] |
P. dolichocymba Hand.-Mazz. (a.n.) | whole plant | plantagonine, indicaine, pediculidine, pediculine, lariciresinol-4′-O-β-d-glucoside, verbascoside, martynoside, 2′′′-O-acetyl-martynoside, leucosceptoside A, jionoside D, 2-phenylethyl-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside, benzyl alcohol-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside, apigenin, dolichocymboside A, dolichocymboside B, dolichocymboside C, dolichocymboside D, gardoside methyl ester, 7-O-acetyl-gardoside methyl ester, uridine, adenosine | [30,40,41,42] |
P. dolichorrhiza Schrenk (a.n.) | n.s. | plantagonine, indicaine, pediculidine, pediculine | [42] |
P. gracilis Wall. ex. Benth. (a.n.) | whole plant | tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides (exact compounds not specified) | [43] |
P. grayi A. Nelson (a.n.) | roots | N-methyl-cytisine | [30] |
P. groenlandica Retz. (a.n.) | aerial parts | senecionine, aucubin, euphroside, mussaenoside | [22,30] |
P. integrifolia Hook. f. (a.n.) | aerial parts | alkaloids, tannins (exact compounds not specified) | [44] |
P. kanei Durand (s.n.) | leaves | alkaloids (exact compounds not specified) | [24] |
P. kansuensis Maxim. (a.n.) | whole plant | β-sitosterol, β-daucosterol, 1,2,3,16,19,20-hexahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid, alaschanioside A, alaschanioside C, verbascoside, leucosceptoside A, martynoside, iso-martynoside, cis-iso-martynoside, 2′′′,3′′′-O-diacetyl-martynoside, jionoside B1, pedicularioside A, pedicularioside M, echinacoside, forsythoside B, phenethylalcohol β-sophoroside, 1-(2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl)ethyl-3-O-rhamnose-4-[(2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoate]-glucopyranoside, 1-(2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl)ethyl-3-O-rhamnose-4-[(2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoate]-6-[(2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoate]-glucopyranoside, 4′-methyl-chrysoeriol, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, lagotiside, tricin-7-O-glucuronide, kansuenin, kansuenin B, kansuenoside, ixoroside, gardoside methyl ester, geniposidic acid, euphroside, mussaenoside, boschnaloside, 7-deoxy-8-epi-loganic acid, 8-epi-loganic acid, aucubin, geniposidic acid, (E)-2-hexenyl β-sophoroside, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid | [45,46,47,48,49,50] |
P. kerneri Dalla Torre (a.n.) | aerial parts | verbascoside, leucosceptoside A, echinacoside, aucubin, monomelittoside, plantarenaloside, euphroside, mussaenosidic acid, 8-epi-loganic acid, D-mannitol | [51] |
P. langsdorffii Fisch. ex. Steven (a.n.) | leaves | alkaloids, tannins (exact compounds not specified) | [24] |
P. lapponica L. (a.n.) | aerial parts | alkaloids (exact compounds not specified), euphroside, aucubin, mussaenoside | [24,52] |
P. lasiophrys Maxim. (a.n.) | whole plant | verbascoside, leucosceptoside A, cistanoside D, pedicularioside E, pedicularioside F, 8-epi-loganin | [53] |
P. longiflora Rudolph (a.n.) | whole plant | scopoletin, longifloroside A, longifloroside B, longifloroside C, longifloroside D, 7(R)-dehydro-diconiferyl alcohol-4-O-β-d-glucoside, longiflor A, longiflor B, tortoside D, tortoside E, verbascoside, iso-verbascoside, leucosceptoside A, pedicularioside A, pedicularoside I, pedicularoside M, cistanoside D, echinacoside, geniposidic acid, mussaenoside, loganic acid, longifloroside, adenosine, 6-(1′′,3′′-dihydroxy-2′′-propoxyl)-inosine | [47,54,55,56] |
P. longiflora var. tubiformis (Klotzsch) Tsoong (a.n.) | whole plant | hexatriacontanol, nonatriacontanol, 1-hydroxy-xanthone, β-daucosterol, martynoside, apigenin, chrysoeriol, luteolin, tricin, acacetin, orientin, morelosin, apigenin-7-O-glucuronide, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin-5-O-glucoside, chrysoeriol-7-O-glucuronide, luteolin-7-O-glucuronide, tricin-7-O-glucuronide, 7-deoxy-8-epi-loganic acid, mussaenosidic acid, boschnaloside, aucubin, muconic acid, cinnamic acid, p-formyl cinnamic acid | [57,58,59] |
P. muscicola Maxim. (a.n.) | whole plant | hentriacontane, arachidic acid, β-daucosterol, syringaresinol-4-O-β-d-glucoside, verbascoside, martynoside, cis-martynoside, pedicularioside A, mussaenoside, euphroside, geniposidic acid, aucubin, mussaenosidic acid, shanzhiside methyl ester, penstemonoside, pedicularioside, gardoside methyl ester, sesamoside, phloyoside II, caryoptoside, d-mannitol | [60,61,62] |
P. nordmanniana Bunge (u.n.) | aerial parts | verbascoside, martynoside, leucosceptoside A, forsythoside B, iridolactone, geniposidic acid, aucubin, euphroside, mussaenoside | [63] |
P. palustris L. | aerial parts | aucubin, euphroside, ixoroside, shanzhiside methyl ester, gardoside methyl ester, plantarenaloside, mussaenoside, pedicularioside, penstemonoside, boschnaloside, 8-epi-loganin, 7-deoxy-8-epi-loganin, 8-epi-loganic acid | [52] |
P. pectinata Wall. ex. Benn. (a.n.) | flowers | phenolics (exact compounds not specified) | [21] |
P. peduncularis Popov (a.n.) | aerial parts | plantagonine, indicainine, plantagonin, indicine, peducularine, N-methyl-cytisine | [64] |
P. plicata Maxim.(a.n.) | whole plant | verbascoside, martynoside, iso-martynoside, cis-leucosceptoside A, 3,4-dihydroxy-phenethyl alcohol, 1-O-β-d-(3,4-dihydroxy-β-phenylethyl)-glucopyranoside, boschnaloside, plicatoside A, plicatoside B | [65] |
P. procera A. Gray (u.n.) | aerial parts | aucubin, mussaenoside, 6-deoxy-catalpol, shanzhiside methyl ester, 8-epi-loganic acid, gardoside, proceroside | [22,66] |
P. punctata Decne. (a.n.) | flowers, leaves | phenolics (exact compounds not specified), verbascoside, aucubin | [8,67] |
P. pycnantha Boiss. (u.n.) | whole plant | alkaloids, tannins (exact compounds not specified) | [68] |
P. racemosa Douglas ex. Benth. (a.n.) | aerial parts | lupanine, tetrahydrorhombifoline, aucubin, euphroside | [22,30] |
P. resupinata L. (a.n.) | whole plant | alaschanioside A, alaschanioside C, syringaresinol-4′′-O-β-d-glucoside, verbascoside, 2′′′,3′′′-O-diacetyl-martynoside, leucosceptoside A, plantarenaloside, euphroside, boschnaloside, gardoside methyl ester, geniposidic acid | [16,49] |
P. rex C.B. Clarke ex. Maxim. (a.n.) | whole plant | verbascoside, martynoside, iso-martynoside, 4-hydroxy-phenylpropenyl-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-4-O-feruloyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, apigenin, chrysoeriol, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, 5,4′-di-hydroxy-3′-methoxy-flavone-7-O-6′′-n-butyryl-β-d-glucopyranoside, aucubin, 6-O-ethyl-aucubin, euphroside, 6-O-ethyl-epi-aucubin, mussaenoside, plantarenaloside, pedicurexoside | [69] |
P. rostratocapitata Crantz (a.n.) | aerial parts | verbascoside, echinacoside, campneoside II, cistantubuloside C1, aucubin, euphroside, monomelittoside, mussaenosidic acid, 8-epi-loganic acid | [70] |
P. sarawschanica Regel (u.n.) | fruits | plantagonine, peducularine | [71] |
P. semibarbata A. Gray (a.n.) | whole plant | α-iso-lupanine, 17-oxo-iso-lupanine or isomer | [72] |
P. semitorta Maxim. (a.n.) | whole plant | syringaresinol-4′′-O-β-d-glucoside, semitortoside A, semitortoside B, cis-iso-verbascoside, shanzhiside methyl ester, mussaenoside | [73] |
P. sibthorpii | aerial parts | verbascoside, martynoside, iso-martynoside, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, aucubin, d-mannitol | [74] |
P. siphonantha D.Don (a.n.) | whole plant | (+)-dehydro-vomifoliol, vomifoliol, ω-hydroxy-propioguaiacone, 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-propanone | [25] |
P. spicata Pall. (a.n.) | whole plant | verbascoside, permethyl-verbascoside, pedicularioside A, pedicularioside G, pedicularioside H, cis-pedicularioside H, shanzhiside methyl ester, gardoside methyl ester, 5-deoxy-puchelloside I | [75,76] |
P. striata Pall. (a.n.) | whole plant | ecdysterone 3-O-β-d-galactoside, striatoside A, striatoside B, verbascoside, iso-verbascoside, echinacoside, pedicularioside A, pedicularioside G, pedicularioside H, decaffeoyl-verbascoside, 1′-O-β-d-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-ethyl-α-l-apiosyl-(1→3′)-α-l-rhamnosyl-(1→6′)-4′-cis-feruloyl-glucopyranoside, 8-O-acetyl-harpagide, dihydro-catalpolgenin | [77,78,79] |
P. striata subsp. aracnoidea (Franch.) Tsoong | whole plant | verbascoside, pedicularioside A, pedicularioside M, pedicularioside N, dihydro-catalpolgenin, eremophila-10,11-dien-7a,13-diol | [80,81,82] |
P. sudetica Willd. (a.n.) | leaves | alkaloids (exact compounds not specified) | [24] |
P. sylvatica L.(a.n.) | aerial parts | luteolin-7-O-glucoside, euphroside, plantarenaloside, 8-epi-loganin | [11,52] |
P. tenuirostris Benth. (a.n.) | flowers and leaves | phenolics (exact compounds not specified) | [8] |
P. torta Maxim. (a.n.) | whole plant | longiflor A, longiflor B, tortoside A, tortoside B, tortoside C, tortoside D, tortoside E, tortoside F, dihydro-dehydro-diconiferyl alcohol-4-O-α-l-rhamnoside, dihydro-dehydro-diconiferyl alcohol-4-O-β-d-glucoside, dihydro-dehydro-diconiferyl alcohol-9-O-β-d-glucoside, (7R)-dehydro-diconiferyl alcohol-4-O-β-d-glucoside, (7S)-dehydro-diconiferyl alcohol-4-O-β-d-glucoside, verbascoside, leucosceptoside A, cistanoside D, shanzhiside methyl ester, gardoside methyl ester, 8-epi-loganin, loganic acid | [83,84] |
P. tricolor Hand.-Mazz. (a.n.) | whole plant | pedicutricone A, 3β,19α-dihydroxy-12-ursen-28-oic acid, β-sitosterol, β-daucosterol, verbascoside, martynoside, quercetin-7-O-galactoside, apigenin, luteolin, chrysoeriol, 3,3′-di-O-methyl-quercetin, 3,5,4′-trihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxy-flavone-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, 3,5,4′,5′-tetrahydroxy-3′-methoxy-flavone-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, 3,5,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-flavone-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, myricetin-3′-methyl ester 7-O-glucopyranoside, pedicutricoside A, viburtinal, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid | [85] |
P. uliginosa Bunge (a.n.) | whole plant | (rel-4aS,7R,7aR)-1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-7-hydroxyl-7-methyl-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxaldehyde, 1,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methoxyl-7-methyl-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxaldehyde, (rel-1R,4S,4aS,7R,7aR)-7-methyl-hexahydro-1,4-(epoxymethano)-cyclopenta[c]pyran-3(1H)-one, 4-epi-alyxialactone, alyxialactone, artselaenin A, artselaenin B, boschnarol, (4R)-4-hydroxymethyl- boschnialactone, densispicnin B | [86] |
P. verticillata L. (a.n.) | whole plant | verticillatoside A, verticillatoside B, verbascoside, leucosceptoside A, cistanoside D, echinacoside, angoroside A, cistantubuloside B1, wiedemannioside C, excelside B, aucubin, euphroside, monomelittoside, mussaenosidic acid, 7-deoxy-8-epi-loganic acid, 8-epi-loganic acid, plantarenaloside, geniposidic acid, boschnaloside, caryoptoside, pediverticilatasin A, pediverticilatasin B, pediverticilatasin C, kansuenin B, densispicnin B, euphrasin, scyphiphin A1, scyphiphin A2, ligustroside | [70,87,88] |
P. wilhelmsiana | aerial parts | phenolics (exact compounds not specified) | [12] |
Phytochemical Class | Phytochemical Compound | Pedicularis spp. | References |
---|---|---|---|
Alkanes | hentriacontane | P. muscicola | [62] |
Alkyl alcohols | hexatriacontanol | P. longiflora var. tubiformis | [58,59] |
nonatriacontanol | P. longiflora var. tubiformis | [58,59] | |
Fatty acids | arachidic acid | P. muscicola | [62] |
Coumarins | scopoletin | P. longiflora | [47,56] |
Xanthones | 1-hydroxy-xanthone | P. longiflora var. tubiformis | [58,59] |
pedicutricone A | P. densispica P. tricolor | [38,85] | |
Terpenoids | 1,2,3,16,19,20-hexahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid | P. kansuensis | [50] |
3β,19α-dihydroxy-12-ursen-28-oic acid | P. tricolor | [85] | |
β-sitosterol | P. decora P. kansuensis P. tricolor | [32,33,34,35,36,45,85] | |
β-daucosterol | P. decora P. kansuensis P. longiflora var. tubiformis P. muscicola P. tricolor | [32,33,34,35,36,45,58,59,62,85] | |
ecdysterone 3-O-β-d-galactoside | P. striata | [78] | |
kidjolanin | P. cephalantha | [25] | |
Alkaloids | α-iso-lupanine | P. semibarbata | [72] |
anagyrine | P. crenulata | [30,42] | |
indicaine | P. dolichorrhiza P. dolichocymba | [30,42] | |
indicainine | P. peduncularis | [64] | |
indicine | P. peduncularis | [64] | |
lupanine | P. racemosa | [30] | |
N-methyl-cytisine | P. grayi P. peduncularis | [30,64] | |
peducularine | P. peduncularis P. sarawschanica | [64,71] | |
pediculidine | P. dolichocymba P. dolichorrhiza | [30,42] | |
pediculine | P. dolichocymba P. dolichorrhiza | [30,42] | |
plantagonin | P. peduncularis | [64] | |
plantagonine | P. dolichocymba P. dolichorrhiza P. peduncularis P. sarawschanica | [30,42,64,71] | |
senecionine | P. groenlandica | [30] | |
tetrahydrorhombifoline | P. racemosa | [30] | |
Lignans and neo-lignans | 7(R)-dehydro-diconiferyl alcohol-4-O-β-d-glucoside | P. longiflora P. torta | [54,83] |
(7S)-dehydro-diconiferyl alcohol-4-O-β-d-glucoside | P. torta | [84] | |
(+)-isolariciresinol 3a-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | P. densispica | [39] | |
alaschanioside A | P. alaschanica P. artselaeri P. kansuensis P. resupinata | [17,19,47,49,50] | |
alaschanioside C | P. alaschanica P. kansuensis P. resupinata | [17,47,49,50] | |
armaoside | P. armata | [18] | |
citrusin A | P. alaschanica P. artselaeri | [17,19] | |
citrusin B | P. armata | [17,18] | |
densispicoside | P. densispica | [39] | |
dihydro-dehydro-diconiferyl alcohol-4-O-β-d-glucoside | P. torta | [84] | |
dihydro-dehydro-diconiferyl alcohol-4-O-α-l-rhamnoside | P. torta | [84] | |
dihydro-dehydro-diconiferyl alcohol-9-O-β-d-glucoside | P. torta | [84] | |
lariciresinol-4-O-β-d-glucoside | P. artselaeri | [19] | |
lariciresinol-4′-O-β-d-glucoside | P. artselaeri P. dolichocymba | [19,41] | |
longiflor A | P. longiflora P. torta | [54,83] | |
longiflor B | P. longiflora P. torta | [54,83] | |
longifloroside A | P. longiflora | [54] | |
longifloroside B | P. densispica P. longiflora | [39,54] | |
longifloroside C | P. longiflora | [54] | |
longifloroside D | P. longiflora | [54] | |
pinoresinol | P. cephalantha | [25] | |
semitortoside A | P. semitorta | [73] | |
semitortoside B | P. semitorta | [73] | |
pinoresinol-4-O-β-d-glucoside | P. densispica | [39] | |
striatoside A | P. striata | [78] | |
striatoside B | P. striata | [78] | |
syringaresinol-4-O-β-d-glucoside | P. alaschanica P. chinensis P. densispica P. muscicola | [17,28,39,60,61] | |
syringaresinol-4′′-O-β-d-glucoside | P. resupinata P. semitorta | [49,73] | |
tortoside A | P. torta | [84] | |
tortoside B | P. torta | [84] | |
tortoside C | P. torta | [84] | |
tortoside D | P. longiflora P. torta | [54,84] | |
tortoside E | P. longiflora P. torta | [54,84] | |
tortoside F | P. torta | [84] | |
verticillatoside A | P. verticillata | [88] | |
verticillatoside B | P. verticillata | [88] | |
Phenylethanoid glycosides | 1-(2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl)ethyl-3-O-rhamnose-4-[(2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoate]-glucopyranoside | P. kansuensis | [47,49,50] |
1-(2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl)ethyl-3-O-rhamnose-4-[(2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoate]-6-[(2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoate]-glucopyranoside | P. kansuensis | [47,49,50] | |
1-O-β-d-(3,4-dihydroxy-β-phenylethyl)-glucopyranoside | P. plicata | [65] | |
1-O-β-d-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl-β-d-apiosyl-l-(1→3)-rhamnosyl-(1→6)-4-trans-feruloyl-glucopyranoside | P. chinensis | [28] | |
1-O-β-d-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl-β-1-(1→3)-4-trans-feruloyl-glucopyranoside | P. chinensis | [28] | |
1-O-β-d-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl-α-l-rhamnosyl(1→3)-4-cis-feruloyl-gulopyranoside | P. chinensis | [28] | |
1′-O-β-d-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-ethyl-α-l-apiosyl-(1→3′)-α-l-rhamnosyl-(1→6′)-4′-cis-feruloyl-glucopyranoside | P. striata | [78] | |
2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-ethanol-1-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | P. artselaeri | [19] | |
2-phenylethyl-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside | P. dolichocymba | [41] | |
2′′-O-acetyl-verbascoside | P. densispica | [39] | |
2′′′-O-acetyl-martynoside | P. dolichocymba | [41] | |
2′′′,3′′′-O-diacetyl-martynoside | P. kansuensis P. resupinata | [47,49,50] | |
3,4-dihydroxy-phenethyl alcohol | P. plicata | [65] | |
3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,3-propantriol | P. densispica | [39] | |
4-hydroxy-phenylpropenyl-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-4-O-feruloyl-β-d-glucopyranoside | P. rex | [69] | |
4-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-sinapic acid methyl ester | P. densispica | [39] | |
angoroside A | P. verticillata | [70] | |
artselaeroside A | P. artselaeri | [20] | |
artselaeroside B | P. artselaeri | [20] | |
benzyl alcohol-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside | P. dolichocymba | [41] | |
cis-iso-martynoside | P. kansuensis | [47,49,50] | |
cis-iso-verbascoside | P. semitorta | [73] | |
cis-leucosceptoside A | P. plicata | [65] | |
cis-martynoside | P. chinensis P. densispica P. muscicola | [28,39,62] | |
cis-pedicularioside H | P. spicata | [76] | |
campneoside II | P. rostratocapitata | [70] | |
cistanoside D | P. lasiophrys P. longiflora P. torta P. verticillata | [53,55,84,88] | |
cistantubuloside B1 | P. verticillata | [70] | |
cistantubuloside C1 | P. rostratocapitata | [70] | |
citrusin C | P. densispica | [39] | |
clerodenoside A | P. cephalantha | [25] | |
darendoside B | P. densispica | [39] | |
decaffeoyl-verbascoside | P. striata | [77] | |
forsythoside B | P. comosa P. kansuensis P. nordmanniana | [15,47,49,50,63] | |
echinacoside | P. acmodonta P. condensata P. kansuensis P. kerneri P. longiflora P. rostratocapitata P. striata P. verticillata | [15,29,47,49,50,51,56,70,77] | |
excelside B | P. verticillata | [70] | |
iso-martynoside | P. cephalantha P. densispica P. kansuensis P. plicata P. rex P. sibthorpii | [25,47,49,50,65,69,74] | |
iso-verbascoside | P. artselaeri P. decora P. longiflora P. striata | [20,33,47,56,77] | |
jionoside B1 | P. kansuensis | [47,49,50] | |
jionoside D | P. dolichocymba | [41] | |
leucosceptoside A | P. acmodonta P. alaschanica P. dolichocymba P. kansuensis P. kerneri P. lasiophrys P. longiflora P. nordmanniana P. resupinata P. torta P. verticillata | [15,17,41,45,47,49,50,51,53,55,63,84,88] | |
martynoside | P. alaschanica P. artselaeri P. cephalantha P. chinensis P. densispica P. dolichocymba P. kansuensis P. longiflora var. tubiformis P. muscicola P. nordmanniana P. plicata P. rex P. sibthorpii P. tricolor | [17,20,25,28,39,41,45,47,49,50,57,62,63,65,69,74,85] | |
pedicularioside A | P. kansuensis P. longiflora P. muscicola P. spicata P. striata P. striata subsp. aracnoidea | [47,49,50,56,62,75,77,82] | |
pedicularioside E | P. lasiophrys | [53] | |
pedicularioside G | P. spicata P. striata | [76,79] | |
pedicularioside H | P. spicata P. striata | [75,78] | |
pedicularioside I | P. longiflora | [55] | |
pedicularioside M | P. kansuensis P. longiflora P. striata subsp. aracnoidea | [47,49,50,56,82] | |
pedicularioside N | P. chinensis P. striata subsp. aracnoidea | [28,82] | |
permethyl-verbascoside | P. spicata | [76] | |
phenethylalcohol β-sophoroside | P. kansuensis | [45] | |
robustaside B | P. densispica | [39] | |
salidroside | P. densispica | [39] | |
verbascoside | P. alaschanica P. chamissonis P. comosa P. condensata P. densispica P. dolichocymba P. kansuensis P. kerneri P. lasiophrys P. longiflora P. muscicola P. nordmanniana P. plicata P. punctata P. resupinata P. rex P. rostratocapitata P. sibthorpii P. spicata P. striata P. striata subsp. aracnoidea P. tricolor P. torta P. verticillata | [8,15,17,26,29,39,41,45,47,49,50,51,53,55,62,63,65,69,70,74,75,77,82,84,85,88] | |
wiedemannioside C | P. verticillata | [70] | |
Flavonoids | 3,3′-di-O-methyl-quercetin | P. tricolor | [85] |
3,5,4′-trihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxy-flavone-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | P. tricolor | [85] | |
3,5,4′,5′-tetrahydroxy-3′-methoxy-flavone-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | P. tricolor | [85] | |
3,5,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-flavone-7-O-β-gluopyranoside | P. tricolor | [85] | |
4′-methyl-chrysoeriol | P. kansuensis | [45] | |
5,4′-di-hydroxy-3′-methoxy-flavone-7-O-6′′-n-butyryl-β-d-glucopyranoside | P. rex | [69] | |
acacetin | P. cephalantha P. densispica P. longiflora var. tubiformis | [25,38,57] | |
apigenin | P. dolichocymba P. longiflora var. tubiformis P. rex P. tricolor | [41,57,69,85] | |
apigenin-7-O-glucoside | P. densispica | [38] | |
apigenin-7-O-glucuronide | P. longiflora var. tubiformis | [57] | |
chrysoeriol | P. longiflora var. tubiformis P. rex P. tricolor | [57,69,85] | |
chrysoeriol-7-O-glucoside | P. densispica | [38] | |
chrysoeriol-7-O-glucuronide | P. longiflora var. tubiformis | [57] | |
kaempferol | P. decora P. densispica | [32,33,34,35,36,38] | |
kaempferol-3,7-O-α-di-rhamnopyranoside | P. densispica | [38] | |
lagotiside | P. kansuensis | [45] | |
luteolin | P. cephalantha P. kansuensis P. longiflora var. tubiformis P. rex P. tricolor | [25,45,57,69,85] | |
luteolin-5-O-glucoside | P. longiflora var. tubiformis | [57,58,59] | |
luteolin-7-O-glucoside | P. chamissonis P. chinensis P. kansuensis P. longiflora var. tubiformis P. rex P. sibthorpii P. sylvatica | [11,26,28,45,57,69,74] | |
luteolin-7-O-glucuronide | P. chamissonis P. longiflora var. tubiformis | [26,57] | |
morelosin | P. longiflora var. tubiformis | [57,58,59] | |
myricetin-3′-methyl ester 7-O-glucopyranoside | P. tricolor | [85] | |
orientin | P. longiflora var. tubiformis | [57,58,59] | |
quercetin-7-O-galactoside | P. tricolor | [85] | |
scutellarein-7-O-glucoside | P. densispica | [38] | |
tricin | P. longiflora var. tubiformis | [57] | |
tricin-7-O-glucuronide | P. kansuensis P. longiflora var. tubiformis | [45,57] | |
Iridoids | 1,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methoxyl-7-methyl-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxaldehyde | P. uliginosa | [86] |
3β-butoxy-3,4-dihydro-aucubin | P. chinensis | [27] | |
4-epi-alyxialactone | P. uliginosa | [86] | |
(4R)-4-hydroxymethyl-boschnialactone | P. uliginosa | [86] | |
5-deoxy-puchelloside I | P. spicata | [75] | |
6-O-acetyl-aucubin | P. condensata | [29] | |
6-O-methyl-aucubin | P. artselaeri P. chinensis | [20,28] | |
6-O-butyl-aucubin | P. chinensis | [27] | |
6-O-butyl-epi-aucubin | P. chinensis | [27] | |
6-O-ethyl-aucubin | P. rex | [69] | |
6-O-ethyl-epi-aucubin | P. rex | [69] | |
6-O-methyl-epi-aucubin | P. artselaeri | [20] | |
6-deoxy-catalpol | P. procera | [22] | |
7-O-acetyl-gardoside methyl ester | P. dolichocymba | [41] | |
7-deoxy-8-epi-loganic acid | P. artselaeri P. kansuensis P. palustris P. longiflora var. tubiformis P. verticillata | [19,46,52,57,88] | |
7-deoxy-gardoside | P. artselaeri P. cephalantha | [20,25] | |
8-O-acetyl-harpagide | P. striata | [77] | |
8-epi-loganic acid | P. armata P. artselaeri P. kansuensis P. kerneri P. palustris P. procera P. rostratocapitata P. verticillata | [18,19,22,46,51,52,70,88] | |
8-epi-loganin | P. artselaeri P. condensata P. densispica P. lasiophrys P. palustris P. sylvatica P. torta | [20,29,39,52,53,84] | |
(rel-1R,4S,4aS,7R,7aR)-7-methyl-hexahydro-1,4-(epoxymethano)-cyclopenta[c]pyran-3(1H)-one | P. uliginosa | [86] | |
(rel-4aS,7R,7aR)-1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-7-hydroxyl-7-methyl-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxaldehyde | P. uliginosa | [86] | |
rel-(6R,5R,9R)-(2-oxa-bicyclo-[3,3,0]oct-3-one-8-en-9,8-diyl)-dimethanol | P. chinensis | [28] | |
alyxialactone | P. uliginosa | [86] | |
argyol | P. densispica | [37] | |
artselaenin I | P. artselaeri | [19] | |
artselaenin III | P. artselaeri | [19] | |
artselaenin A | P. artselaeri P. uliginosa | [19,86] | |
artselaenin B | P. artselaeri P. uliginosa | [20,86] | |
artselaenin C | P. artselaeri | [20] | |
aucubin | P. armata P. artselaeri P. bracteosa P. cephalantha P. chinensis P. condensata P. crenulata P. decora P. groenlandica P. kansuensis P. kerneri P. lapponica P. longiflora var. tubiformis P. muscicola P. nordmanniana P. palustris P. procera P. punctata P. racemosa P. rex P. rostratocapitata P. sibthorpii P. verticillata | [18,20,22,25,27,29,32,33,34,35,36,46,51,52,57,62,63,67,69,70,74,88] | |
bartsioside | P. chinensis | [27] | |
boschnaloside | P. alaschanica P. longiflora var. tubiformis P. kansuensis P. palustris P. plicata P. resupinata P. verticillata | [16,17,46,52,57,65,88] | |
boschnarol | P. uliginosa | [86] | |
caryoptoside | P. artselaeri P. muscicola P. verticillata | [20,60,61,88] | |
densispicnin A | P. densispica | [37] | |
densispicnin B | P. densispica P. uliginosa P. verticillata | [37,86,87] | |
densispicnin C | P. densispica | [39] | |
densispicnin D | P. densispica | [39] | |
dihydro-catalpolgenin | P. striata P. striata subsp. aracnoidea | [78,81] | |
dolichocymboside A | P. dolichocymba | [40] | |
dolichocymboside B | P. dolichocymba | [40] | |
dolichocymboside C | P. dolichocymba | [40] | |
dolichocymboside D | P. dolichocymba | [40] | |
euphrasin | P. verticillata | [87] | |
euphroside | P. alaschanica P. armata P. cephalantha P. crenulata P. groenlandica P. kansuensis P. kerneri P. lapponica P. muscicola P. nordmanniana P. palustris P. racemosa P. resupinata P. rex P. rostratocapitata P. sylvatica P. verticillata | [16,17,18,22,25,46,51,52,62,63,69,70,88] | |
gardoside | P. procera | [22] | |
gardoside methyl ester | P. artselaeri P. condensata P. dolichocymba P. kansuensis P. muscicola P. palustris P. resupinata P. spicata P. torta | [16,20,29,41,52,62,75,84] | |
geniposidic acid | P. alaschanica P. armata P. kansuensis P. longiflora P. muscicola P. nordmanniana P. resupinata P. verticillata | [16,17,18,46,48,55,62,63,88] | |
iridolactone | P. chinensis P. nordmanniana | [27,63] | |
ixoroside | P. alaschanica P. artselaeri P. kansuensis P. palustris | [16,17,20,46,52] | |
kansuenin | P. kansuensis | [46] | |
kansuenin B | P. kansuensis P. verticillata | [45,87] | |
kansuenoside | P. kansuensis | [46] | |
lamalbid | P. decora | [32,33,34,35,36] | |
ligustroside | P. verticillata | [70] | |
loganic acid | P. longiflora P. torta | [55,84] | |
longifloroside | P. longiflora | [55] | |
monomelittoside | P. kerneri P. rostratocapitata P. verticillata | [51,70] | |
mussaenin A | P. densispica | [37] | |
mussaenoside | P. armata P. artselaeri P. bracteosa P. cephalantha P. condensata P. densispica P. groenlandica P. kansuensis P. lapponica P. longiflora P. muscicola P. nordmanniana P. palustris P. procera P. rex P. semitorta | [18,19,22,25,29,37,46,52,55,62,63,69,73] | |
mussaenosidic acid | P. alaschanica P. cephalantha P. kerneri P. longiflora var. tubiformis P. muscicola P. rostratocapitata P. verticillata | [16,17,25,51,57,62,70] | |
ningpogoside B | P. decora | [32,33,34,35,36] | |
pedicularioside | P. muscicola P. palustris | [52,62] | |
pedicularioside F | P. lasiophrys | [53] | |
pedicularislactone | P. chinensis | [27] | |
pedicularislactone glucoside | P. chinensis P. decora | [28,32,33,34,35,36] | |
pedicutricoside A | P. tricolor | [85] | |
pediverticilatasin A | P. verticillata | [87] | |
pediverticilatasin B | P. verticillata | [87] | |
pediverticilatasin C | P. verticillata | [87] | |
penstemonoside | P. muscicola P. palustris | [52,62] | |
plantarenaloside | P. artselaeri P. cephalantha P. crenulata P. decora P. kerneri P. palustris P. resupinata P. rex P. rostratocapitata P. sylvatica P. verticillata | [16,19,22,25,37,51,52,69,88] | |
phloyoside II | P. muscicola | [60,61] | |
plicatoside A | P. plicata | [65] | |
plicatoside B | P. plicata | [65] | |
proceroside | P. procera | [66] | |
scyphiphin A1 | P. verticillata | [87] | |
scyphiphin A2 | P. verticillata | [87] | |
sesamoside | P. muscicola | [60,61] | |
shanzhiside methyl ester | P. artselaeri P. condensata P. densispica P. muscicola P. palustris P. procera P. semitorta P. spicata P. torta | [20,22,29,39,52,62,73,75,84] | |
viburtinal | P. tricolor | [85] | |
Other | (+)-dehydro-vomifoliol | P. siphonantha | [25] |
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid | P. decora | [31] | |
3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-propanone | P. siphonantha | [25] | |
3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid | P. decora | [31] | |
3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid | P. decora P. kansuensis P. tricolor | [31,45,47,49,50,85] | |
3-methoxy-4-primeverosyl-acetophenone | P. artselaeri | [19] | |
6-(1′′,3′′-dihydroxy-2′′-propoxyl)-inosine | P. longiflora | [47,56] | |
β-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl-O-a-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1–3)-β-d-glucopyranoside | P. decora | [31] | |
(E)-2-hexenyl β-sophoroside | P. kansuensis | [45] | |
p-formyl cinnamic acid | P. longiflora var. tubiformis | [58,59] | |
ω-hydroxy-propioguaiacone | P. siphonantha | [25] | |
adenosine | P. dolichocymba P. longiflora | [41,47,56] | |
alanine | P. decora | [31] | |
arginine | P. decora | [31] | |
aspartic acid | P. decora | [31] | |
cinnamic acid | P. longiflora var. tubiformis | [58,59] | |
cysteine | P. decora | [31] | |
d-mannitol | P. decora P. kerneri P. muscicola P. sibthorpii | [31,51,62,74] | |
dearabinosyl-pneumonanthoside | P. densispica | [38] | |
eremophila-10,11-dien-7a,13-diol | P. striata subsp. aracnoidea | [80,81] | |
glutamic acid | P. decora | [31] | |
glycine | P. decora | [31] | |
isoleucine | P. decora | [31] | |
leucine | P. decora | [31] | |
maltol-β-d-glucoside | P. densispica | [38] | |
methionine | P. decora | [31] | |
muconic acid | P. longiflora var. tubiformis | [58,59] | |
pedicurexoside | P. rex | [69] | |
phenylalanine | P. decora | [31] | |
proline | P. decora | [31] | |
salicylic acid | P. decora | [31] | |
serine | P. decora | [31] | |
threonine | P. decora | [31] | |
tyrosine | P. decora | [31] | |
uridine | P. dolichocymba | [41] | |
valine | P. decora | [31] | |
vomifoliol | P. siphonantha | [25] |
Pedicularis spp. | Ethnopharmacological Uses | Organ/Form | Area of the World | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
P. artselaeri | to treat diuresis, exhaustion, collapse, senility | aerial parts/ n.r. | Northwestern China | [119] |
P. bicornuta | - to treat vaginal and seminal discharges - to treat burns, rheumatism, gout, general inflammation, acidity | - inflorescence/ paste - whole plant/ decoction | - Nepal (Central Himalaya) - China, India | - [120] - [8,121] |
P. bifida (Buch.-Ham.) Pennell (u.n.) | - to treat stomachache - to relieve joint paints | roots/ liquid and powder | Nepal (Newar community of Pharping Village, Kathmandu District) | [122] |
P. capitata | - to sedate and relax - to stop bleeding in minor injuries | whole plant/ infusion | Canada (Inuit people of Kugluktuk, Nunavut regions) | [123] |
P. cheilanthifolia Schrenk (a.n.) | - to cure stomachache, vaginal discharge, leucorrhoea, menorrhagia | whole plant, wood/ ethanolic extract, powder | India/Kashmir (Ladakh region) | [124,125] |
P. chenocephala Diels (a.n.) | - to relieve pain - to treat oedema, oliguria, asthma, malnutrition, pains induced by osteomyelitis | flowers/ decoction | China | [8] |
P. chinensis | - to nourish yin - to invigorate kidney - to strengthen spleen and stomach | roots/ decoction | China | [8] |
P. comosa | - to be used as food stuff | flowers/ nectar | Turkey | [126] |
P. cranolopha Maxim. (a.n.) | - to clear away heat evil - to expel superficial evils - to treat fever, urinary tract infections, hepatitis, pneumonia, sore pain due to external injury | whole plant/ decoction | China | [8] |
P. davidii Franch. (a.n.) | - to strengthen spleen and stomach - to nourish yin - to relieve pain - to treat inanition, kidney deficiency, osteopyrexia, fever, joint pain, anorexia | rhizomes/ decoction | China | [8] |
P. decora | - to treat general debility, collapse, exhaustion, seminal emission, spontaneous sweating and senility - to invigorate the mind and the circulation of blood - to strengthen spleen and stomach | roots/ decoction | China | [8,127] |
P. decorissima Diels (a.n.) | - to clear away heat evil - to expel superficial evils - to treat acute gastroenteritis and food poisoning | whole plant, flowers/ decoction | China | [8] |
P. dissecta (Bonati) Pennell & H.L. Li (a.n.) | - to supplement qi - to nourish yin - to detoxificate - to relieve pain - to treat asthenia due to disease, yin deficiency, sore, joint pains | roots/ decoction | China | [8] |
P. dunniana Bonati (a.n.) | - to nourish yin - to relieve pain - to treat inanition, kidney deficiency, osteopyrexia, fever, joint pains, anorexia | rhizomes/ decoction | China | [8] |
P. flagellaris Benth. (u.n.) | - to treat excessive diuresis and wounds - to treat excessive diuresis, wounds, rheumatisms - to regulate menstruation | - aerial parts/ infusion, decoction - aerial parts/infusion, decoction | - Himalaya - Bhutan | - [128] - [128] |
P. flava Pall. (a.n.) | - to treat general body pains, stomachaches - to be used as sedative | leaves/ decoction | Pakistan | [129] |
P. gracilis | to treat stomachache | roots/ liquid | Nepal (Newar community of Pharping village, Kathmandu District; Western regions) | [122,130] |
P. gracilis subsp. gracilis (s.n.) | to relieve joint pain | roots /powder | Nepal (Central Himalaya) | [122] |
P. henryi Maxim. (a.n.) | - to nourish yin and qi - to strengthen tendons and bones with vital essence - to activate collaterals - to treat hemiplegia and arthralgia due to blood stagnation | roots/ decoction | China | [8] |
P. hoffmeisteri Klotzsch (a.n.) | - to cure flatulence and stomach disorders in animals - to cure food poisoning | - whole plant/ n.r. - whole plant/ n.r. | - India (Uttaranchal State) - India (Western Himalaya) | [131,132] |
P. integrifolia | - to treat dropsy, excessive diuresis, asthma, rheumatisms - to heal wounds and oedema - to nourish body | aerial parts/ ethanolic extract | Bhutan | [44] |
P. kansuensis | - to treat collapse, exhaustion, senility, edema and boils - to relieve heat and toxicity - to treat edema, inflammation, urinaryobstructions | - aerial parts/ n.r. - flowers/ n.r. | - China - Tibet, China | - [50,119] - [8] |
P. lanata Willd. ex Cham. & Schltdl. (a.n.) | to treat headache, migraine | n.r./n.r. | Canada (Aborigens of the Boreal forest) | [133] |
P. longicaulis Franch. ex Maxim. (a.n.) | - to nourish yin and qi - to activate collaterals - to treat dizziness tinnitus, bones and muscles pain, deficiency heat | roots/decoction | China | [8] |
P. longiflora | - to cure hepatic, pancreatic, kidney, urinary diseases, vaginal discharge, leucorrhoea, menorrhagia - to treat rheumatisms, excessive diuresis and coagulation, wounds, hypertension, dehydration - to treat edema, tinnitus, carbuncles wollen, hepatitis, spermatorrhea, urine with pus and blood, cholecystitis, dry mouth, carbuncle swollen - to treat vertigo, dry tongue, excessive seminal discharge, edema, liver and gall bladder problems | - whole plant, wood/ decoction, powder - aerial parts/ ethanolic extract - whole plant, flowers/ decoction - leaves, stems/ decoctions | - Himalaya (Ladakh region) - Bhutan - China - India | - [7,125] - [44] - [8] - [121] |
P. longiflora var. tubiformis | - to treat cough, sore throats, hepatitis, lymphatic disorders, poisioning, seminal and vaginal discharges, dropsy, spermatorrhoea, tinnitus, carbuncle disorders associated with alcoholism | whole plant/ raw food | Nepal (Central Himalaya) | [57,134] |
P. megalantha D.Don (a.n.) | - to soothe meat poisoning, intestinal disorders, acidity | aerial parts/ decoction | Bhutan, Tibet | [135] |
P. megalochila H.L. Li | to treat dysentery, diarrhea, hepatitis, urinary tract infections | whole plant/ decoction | China | [8] |
P. muscicola Maxim. (a.n.) | - to nourish qi - to treat consumptiondiseases, blood deficiency, hidrosis, hypotension | roots/ decoction | China | [8] |
P. oederi Vahl (a.n.) | - to treat rheumatic arthritis, lithangiuria, scabies, micturition difficulties - to treat food poisoning, headache, backache, bodyache - to be used as sedative | - roots/ decoction - whole plant/ raw vegetable | - China - India (Trans Himalaya region) | - [8] - [121,136] |
P. oederi var. sinensis (Maxim.) Hurus. (a.n.) | to treat urinary obstructions and edema in animals | flowers/ n.r. | Tibet, China | [137] |
P. oliveriana Prain (a.n.) | - to reduce inflammation - to ease gastric pains or disorders - to treat poisoning, micturition difficulties - to cure food poisoning, stomach ulcer, duodenal ulcer, diarrhea, rheumatic joint pains, lithangiuria, abnormal leucorrhea, scabies | - inflorescence/ extract - flowers, whole plant/ decoctions | - Nepal (Central Himalaya) - China | - [138] - [8] |
P. pectinata | - to increase urine flow - to cure swelling and stomach pains due to intestinal infections - to alleviate stomach pain, flatulence, intestinal infections, intestinal swelling, high blood pressure, backache, bodyache, fever - to increase urine flow - to cure haemoptysis, alopecia | - aerial parts/ powdered raw food in cold water - flowers/ powdered raw food in cold water - flowers/ decoction | - Kashmir - Western Himalaya (Lahaul-Spiti tribe) - India, Kashmir | - [139] - [140] - [141,142,143] |
P. pectinatiformis Bonati (a.n.) | - to relieve pain - to relax | leaves/ infusion | Pakistan (Gilgit-Baltistan region) | [144] |
P. peduncularis | - to treat uterine bleeding - to favour diuresis - to treat various skin diseases | - aerial parts/ decoction - flowers/ decoction - aerial parts/ bath | Tajikistan | [64] |
P. punctata | - to treat fever, cancer and premature graying of hair - to improve digestion - to control blood pressure - to treat hypertension, fever, gastrointestinal disorders - to relax skeletal muscles | - inflorescence/ extract - aerial parts/powdered raw food in cold water - flowers/ powder in cold water | - Nepal (Central Himalaya) - Western Himalaya (Lahaul-Spiti tribe) - Pakistan | - [138] - [140,145] - [146,147] |
P. pyramidata Royle ex Benth. (a.n.) | to treat fluid retention, headache, bone inflammations, serous fluids accumulation | whole plant/ raw food | Nepal (Central Himalaya), India | [138,143] |
P. resupinata | - to treat malignant abscesses - to treat rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic pains, joint pains, scabies, micturition difficulties - to cure lithangiuria abnormal leucorrhea, acute gastroenteritis, food poisoning | - aerial parts/n.r. - roots, stem/ powder, decoctions | - South Korea - China | - [148] - [8] |
P. rex | - to invigorate qi and blood - to strengthen spleen - to treat yin deficiency, hectic fever, rheumatism, cirrhosis, ascites - to cure smallpox, measles, seasonal prevalent diseases | roots, whole plant/ decoctions | China | [8] |
P. rhinanthoides Schrenk (a.n.) | - to treat cough, sore throat, hepatitis, lymphatic disorders, poisoning - to treat diabetes | whole plant/ raw food - whole plant/ decoction | - Nepal (Central Himalaya) - India | - [138] - [149] |
P. rudis Maxim. (a.n.) | - to nourish yin - to relieve pain - to treat inanition, kidney deficiency, osteopyrexia, fever, joint pain, anorexia | rhizomes/ decoction | China | [8] |
P. scullyana Prain ex Maxim. (u.n.) | to remove pimples | whole plant/ paste | Nepal (Western regions) | [130] |
P. siphonantha | to treat cough, sore throat, hepatitis, lymphatic disorders, poisoning | whole plant/ raw food | Nepal (Central Himalaya) | [134,150] |
P. spicata | - to nourish qi - to treat consumption diseases, blood deficiency, hidrosis, hypotension | roots/decoction | China | [8] |
P. striata | to treat kidney-yang deficiency, edema, micturition difficulties | whole plant/ decoction | China | [8] |
P. tenuirostris | to cure swelling and stomach pain due to intestinal infections | flowers/ powdered raw food in cold water | Western Himalaya (Lahaul-Spiti tribe) | [140] |
P. torta | to treat inflammations and urinary obstructions in animals | flowers/ n.r. | Tibet, China | [137] |
P. verticillata | - to nourish qi - to treat consumption diseases, blood deficiency, hidrosis, hypotension | roots/decoction | China | [8] |
Pedicularis spp. | Pharmacological Properties | Organs/Forms | Collection Area | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
P. artselaeri | - strong antioxidant - hepatoprotective | - aerial parts/ butanol and water extracts - water and ethanolic extracts | China | - [154] - [155] |
P. cadmea Boiss. (u.n.) | weak antibacterial | aerial parts/ methanolic extract | Turkey | [156] |
P. condensata | antibacterial, weak antioxidant, antifungal | aerial parts/ essential oil | Turkey | [10] |
P. davidii | - strong antioxidant - hepatoprotective | - rhizomes/ butanol and water extracts - water and ethanolic extracts | China | - [154] - [155] |
P. decora | antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory | roots/ethanolic, n-butanol and water extracts | China | [7,157,158] |
P. flava | medium antimicrobial | whole plant/ ethanolic extract | Mongolia | [159] |
P. longiflora | antidiabetic, antioxidant, radical scavenging | whole plant/ ethanolic extract | Himalaya (Ladakh region), China | [7,56] |
P. olympica Boiss. (u.n.) | weak antimicrobial | aerial parts/ methanolic extract | Turkey | [155] |
P. mexicana Zucc. ex Bunge (a.n.) | antioxidant, medium cytotoxic | whole plant/ methanolic extract | Mexico | [160] |
P. sibthorpii | strong antioxidant, free-radical scavenging, antibacterial | aerial parts/ methanolic extract | Iran | [74] |
P. wilhelmsiana | strong antioxidant, antibacterial | aerial parts/ methanolic extract | Iran | [12] |
Pedicularis spp. | Other Uses | Organs/Forms | Area of Employment | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
P. atuntsiensis Bonati (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. capitata | to make an olive green dye | flower stalks | Canada (Inuit people of Kugluktuk, Nunavut regions) | [123] |
P. crenularis H.L. Li (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. cyclorhyncha H.L. Li (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. dichrocephala Hand.-Mazz. (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. fastigiata Franch. (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. filicula Franch. ex. Maxim. (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. flava | forage | - | Pakistan | [129] |
P. gracilicaulis H.L. Li (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. groenlandica | edible plant | whole plant/tea | Canada (Inuit people, Kangiqsualujjuaq community) | [171] |
P. habachanensis Bonati (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. humilis Bonati (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. kariensis Bonati (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. labradorica Wirsing (a.n.) | edible plant | roots | Canada (Inuit people, Nain community) | [170] |
P. lamioides Hand.-Mazz. (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [169] |
P. lanpingensis H.P. Yang (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [169] |
P. lecomtei Bonati (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [169] |
P. macrorhyncha H.L. Li (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. maxonii Bonati (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. mayana Hand.-Mazz. (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. meteororhyncha H.L. Li (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. micrantha H.L. Li (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. mussotii Franch. (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. obscura Bonati (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. oederi | fodder | whole plant/raw food | Nepal (Central Himalaya) | [138] |
P. oligantha Franch. ex. Maxim. (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. orthocoryne H.L. Li (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. pinetorum Hand.-Mazz. (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. praeruptorum Bonati (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. pseudoversicolor Hand.-Mazz. (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. remotiloba Hand.-Mazz. (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. salicifolia Bonati (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. schizocalyx (Lange) Steininger (a.n.) | edible | flowers/raw plant | Spain (Cantabria region) | [172] |
P. sigmoidea Franch. ex. Maxim. (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. sylvatica | edible | flowers/raw plant | Spain (Galicia region) | [170] |
P. tomentosa H.L. Li (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. tsaii H.L. Li (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. umbelliformis H.L. Li (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. weixiensis H.P. Yang (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. yui H.L. Li (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
P. zhongdianensis H.P. Yang (a.n.) | purely ornamental | - | China (Northwestern Yunnan) | [170] |
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Frezza, C.; Venditti, A.; Toniolo, C.; De Vita, D.; Serafini, I.; Ciccòla, A.; Franceschin, M.; Ventrone, A.; Tomassini, L.; Foddai, S.; et al. Pedicularis L. Genus: Systematics, Botany, Phytochemistry, Chemotaxonomy, Ethnopharmacology, and Other. Plants 2019, 8, 306. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8090306
Frezza C, Venditti A, Toniolo C, De Vita D, Serafini I, Ciccòla A, Franceschin M, Ventrone A, Tomassini L, Foddai S, et al. Pedicularis L. Genus: Systematics, Botany, Phytochemistry, Chemotaxonomy, Ethnopharmacology, and Other. Plants. 2019; 8(9):306. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8090306
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrezza, Claudio, Alessandro Venditti, Chiara Toniolo, Daniela De Vita, Ilaria Serafini, Alessandro Ciccòla, Marco Franceschin, Antonio Ventrone, Lamberto Tomassini, Sebastiano Foddai, and et al. 2019. "Pedicularis L. Genus: Systematics, Botany, Phytochemistry, Chemotaxonomy, Ethnopharmacology, and Other" Plants 8, no. 9: 306. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8090306