Diversification of African Tree Legumes in Miombo–Mopane Woodlands
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Tree Legumes Diversity and Conservation Status
2.2. Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Area and Spatial Analyses
4.2. Database of Legume Trees
4.3. Sequence Data and Phylogenetic Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Taxon | Subfamily | Habitat | Distribution 1 | Conservation Status 2 | Habit | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AO | DRC | ZM | ZW | TZ | MW | MZ | |||||
Acacia arenaria Schinz | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo and Mopane | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or small tree 2–9 m | ||||
Acacia erubescens Welw. ex Oliv. | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo and Mopane | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or tree 2–10 m |
Acacia galpinii Burtt Davy | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Large tree 8–36 m | |
Acacia gerrardii Benth. | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo and Mopane | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or tree 5–15 m | |
Acacia hebeclada DC. | Caesalpinioideae | Mopane | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or small tree to 3 m | ||||
Acacia kirkii Oliv. | Caesalpinioideae | Mopane | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 2.5–18 m |
Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth. | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo and Mopane | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 4–9 | ||
Acacia nigrescens Oliv. | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo and Mopane | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 4–30 m | |
Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo and Mopane | X | X | X | X | X | X | LC | Tree 3–15 m | |
Acacia polyacantha | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Large tree 3.5–20 m |
Acacia robusta Burch. | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 5-30 m | |||
Acacia sieberiana DC. | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 3–25 m |
Acacia welwitschii Oliv. | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | NE | Large tree 3–20 m | ||||
Afzelia quanzensis Welw. | Detarioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or tree 1.5–35 m |
Albizia adianthifolia (Schum.) W.Wight | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 2.5–40 m |
Albizia anthelmintica Brongn. | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or tree 2–12 m | |
Albizia antunesiana Harms | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 6–18 m |
Albizia glaberrima (Schum. & Thonn.) Benth. | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or tree 9–25 m |
Albizia harveyi E.Fourn. | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 1.5–20 m |
Albizia versicolor Oliv. | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 3–20 m |
Amblygonocarpus andongensis (Oliv.) Exell & Torre | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 6–25 m |
Baikiaea plurijuga Harms | Detarioideae | Miombo and Mopane | X | X | X | LR/NT | Tree 6–25 m | ||||
Baphia bequaertii De Wild. | Papilionoideae | Miombo | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or tree 3–10 m | ||||
Baphia massaiensis Taub. | Papilionoideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | LC | Shrub or tree to 8–10 m |
Bauhinia petersiana Bolle | Cercidoideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or tree 3–10 m |
Bauhinia thonningii Schum. | Cercidoideae | Miombo and Mopane | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or tree to 2–20 m | |
Bauhinia tomentosa L. | Cercidoideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or tree 1–8 m |
Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Desv.) J.H.Kirkbr. & Wiersema | Papilionoideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or tree 2–15 m |
Brachystegia allenii Hutch. & Burtt Davy | Detarioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 3–20 m | |
Brachystegia bakeriana Burtt Davy & Hutch. | Detarioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | VU B1+2c | Shrub or tree to 10 m | ||||
Brachystegia boehmii Taub | Detarioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 2.5–25 m |
Brachystegia floribunda Benth. | Detarioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 4–15 m | |
Brachystegia gossweileri Burtt Davy & Hutch. | Detarioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | NE | Tree 6–24 m | ||||
Brachystegia longifolia Benth. | Detarioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 2–30 m | |
Brachystegia puberula Burtt Davy & Hutch. | Detarioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | LC | Tree 6–12 m | ||||
Brachystegia spiciformis Benth | Detarioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 5–40 m |
Brachystegia tamarindoides Benth. | Detarioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 4–30 m | ||
Brachystegia taxifolia Harms | Detarioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or tree 2–16 m | |||
Brachystegia utilis Hutch. & Burtt Davy | Detarioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 6–20 m |
Brachystegia wangermeeana De Wild. | Detarioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 1.5–20 m | ||
Burkea africana Hook. | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 4–20 m |
Cassia abbreviata Oliv. | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo and Mopane | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or tree 3–15 m | |
Colophospermum mopane (Benth.) Leonard | Detarioideae | Mopane | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 4–18 m tall | ||
Cordyla africana Lour. | Papilionoideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 9–40 m | ||
Craibia zimmermannii (Harms) Dunn | Papilionoideae | Miombo | X | X | NE | Tree 4–5 m | |||||
Dalbergia arbutifolia Baker | Papilionoideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or tree 3–18 m | |
Dalbergia boehmii Taub. | Papilionoideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or tree 4.5–21 m |
Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr. | Papilionoideae | Miombo and Mopane | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | LR/NT | Spiny shrub or tree 1–30 m |
Dalbergia nitidula Baker | Papilionoideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or tree 2–12 m |
Dialium englerianum Henriq. | Dialioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 6–23 m | |||
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo and Mopane | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | LC | Shrub or tree 1–12 m |
Elephantorrhiza goetzei (Harms) Harms | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or tree 1–7 m |
Entada abyssinica Steud. ex A. Rich. | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo and Mopane | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 2.7–15 m |
Erythrophleum africanum (Benth.) Harms | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo and Mopane | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 4–18 m |
Faidherbia albida (Delile) A.Chev. | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo and Mopane | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 6–30 m |
Guibourtia coleosperma (Benth.) J. Léonard | Detarioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 12–30 m | |||
Isoberlinia angolensis (Benth.) Hoyle & Brenan | Detarioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or tree 1–20 m | ||
Isoberlinia scheffleri (Harms) Greenway | Detarioideae | Miombo | X | X | VU B1+2b | Tree 30–46 m | |||||
Isoberlinia tomentosa (Harms) Craib & Stapf | Detarioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 3–18 m | ||
Julbernardia globiflora (Benth.) Troupin | Detarioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 5–15 m |
Julbernardia paniculata (Benth.) Troupin | Detarioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 2–20 m |
Millettia stuhlmannii Taub. | Papilionoideae | Miombo | X | X | X | NE | Tree 6–25 m | ||||
Millettia usaramensis Taub. | Papilionoideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or tree 2–10 m | |||
Mundulea sericea (Willd.) A. Chev. | Papilionoideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Large shrub or tree 1–8 m | |
Ormocarpum trichocarpum (Taub.) Engl. | Papilionoideae | Miombo and Mopane | X | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or small tree 1–6 m | |||
Peltophorum africanum Sond. | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo and Mopane | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 3–12 m | |
Pericopsis angolensis (Baker) Meeuwen | Papilionoideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 3–20 m |
Philenoptera bussei (Harms) Shrire | Papilionoideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 3–15 m | ||
Philenoptera nelsii (Schinz) Schrire | Papilionoideae | Mopane | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or tree 4–12 m | ||||
Philenoptera violacea (Klotze) Shrire | Papilionoideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 4.5–27 m |
Pterocarpus angolensis DC. | Papilionoideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | LR/NT | Tree 5–30 m |
Pterocarpus brenanii Barbosa & Torre | Papilionoideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | LC | Tree 4–12 m |
Pterocarpus lucens Guill. & Perr. | Papilionoideae | Miombo and Mopane | X | X | X | X | X | LC | Tree 7.5–18 m | ||
Pterocarpus rotundifolius (Sond.) Druce | Papilionoideae | Miombo and Mopane | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 3–25 m |
Senna petersiana (Bolle) Lock | Caesalpinioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Shrub or small tree 2–6 m | |
*Tamarindus indica L. | Detarioideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | LC | Tree to 25 m |
Xanthocercis zambesiaca (Baker) Dumaz-le-Grand | Papilionoideae | Miombo | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree 7–30 m | |||
Xeroderris stuhlmannii (Taub.) Mendonça & E.P. Sousa | Papilionoideae | Miombo and Mopane | X | X | X | X | X | NE | Tree up to 20 m | ||
Total numbers | - | ||||||||||
Number of species (Miombo) | - | - | 58 | 50 | 67 | 62 | 64 | 60 | 62 | - | - |
Number of species (Mopane) | - | - | 19 | 11 | 21 | 23 | 17 | 18 | 17 | - | - |
Number of species (Miombo and/or Mopane) | - | - | 62 | 51 | 71 | 66 | 65 | 62 | 64 | - | - |
Taxon | Subfamily | rbcL | matK | ITS |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acacia arenaria Schinz | Caesalpinioideae | JX572181 | JX517408 | - |
Acacia erubescens Welw. ex Oliv. | Caesalpinioideae | JF265248 | JF270605 | JQ265878 |
Acacia galpinii Burtt Davy | Caesalpinioideae | JX572194 | JX518092 | JQ265866 |
Acacia gerrardii Benth. | Caesalpinioideae | JF265250 | JF270607 | JQ265879 |
Acacia hebeclada DC. | Caesalpinioideae | JX572199 | JX517672 | JQ265920 |
Acacia kirkii Oliv. | Caesalpinioideae | JX572204 | JX517387 | JQ265829 |
Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth. | Caesalpinioideae | JX572211 | JX517310 | - |
Acacia nigrescens Oliv. | Caesalpinioideae | EU213440 | EU214210 | KY688811 |
Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile | Caesalpinioideae | JF265255 | JF270612 | JX139101 |
Acacia polyacantha | Caesalpinioideae | - | - | JQ265902 |
Acacia robusta Burch. | Caesalpinioideae | JX572222 | JX517547 | - |
Acacia sieberiana DC. | Caesalpinioideae | JF265259 | JX517353 | JQ265854 |
Acacia welwitschii Oliv. | Caesalpinioideae | JX572234 | JX518159 | - |
Afzelia quanzensis Welw. | Detarioideae | JX572247 | JX518045 | KY306488 |
Albizia adianthifolia (Schum.) W.Wight | Caesalpinioideae | JQ025020 | JQ024935 | - |
Albizia anthelmintica Brongn. | Caesalpinioideae | JX572254 | JX517977 | - |
Albizia antunesiana Harms | Caesalpinioideae | - | - | - |
Albizia glaberrima (Schum. & Thonn.) Benth. | Caesalpinioideae | JX572256 | JX518104 | - |
Albizia harveyi E.Fourn. | Caesalpinioideae | JX572257 | JX518176 | - |
Albizia versicolor Oliv. | Caesalpinioideae | JX572260 | AF274210 | - |
Amblygonocarpus andongensis (Oliv.) Exell & Torre | Caesalpinioideae | JX572301 | AF521812 | - |
Baikiaea plurijuga Harms | Detarioideae | JX572322 | JX517704 | KY306501 |
Baphia bequaertii De Wild. | Papilionoideae | - | - | - |
Baphia massaiensis Taub. | Papilionoideae | JF265298 | JF270652 | - |
Bauhinia petersiana Bolle | Cercidoideae | JX572327 | JX517937 | - |
Bauhinia thonningii Schum. | Cercidoideae | KU568124 | KT461985 | - |
Bauhinia tomentosa L. | Cercidoideae | JX572328 | JX517621 | KX057838 |
Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Desv.) J.H.Kirkbr. & Wiersema | Papilionoideae | JX572335 | AY386940 | EF560800 |
Brachystegia allenii Hutch. & Burtt Davy | Detarioideae | KU568100 | KX146320 | - |
Brachystegia bakeriana Burtt Davy & Hutch. | Detarioideae | - | - | - |
Brachystegia boehmii Taub | Detarioideae | JX572347 | EU361886 | KY306513 |
Brachystegia floribunda Benth. | Detarioideae | KU568148 | KX146363 | KY306515 |
Brachystegia gossweileri Burtt Davy & Hutch. | Detarioideae | - | - | - |
Brachystegia longifolia Benth. | Detarioideae | KU568078 | KX146300 | AF513687 |
Brachystegia puberula Burtt Davy & Hutch. | Detarioideae | - | - | - |
Brachystegia spiciformis Benth | Detarioideae | - | EU361888 | KY306518 |
Brachystegia tamarindoides Benth. | Detarioideae | - | - | - |
Brachystegia taxifolia Harms | Detarioideae | - | - | - |
Brachystegia utilis Hutch. & Burtt Davy | Detarioideae | - | - | - |
Brachystegia wangermeeana De Wild. | Detarioideae | - | - | - |
Burkea africana Hook. | Caesalpinioideae | JQ025025 | JQ024940 | KX057840 |
Cassia abbreviata Oliv. | Caesalpinioideae | JX572384 | JF270682 | - |
Colophospermum mopane (Benth.) Leonard | Detarioideae | JF265343 | JF270696 | AY955788 |
Cordyla africana Lour. | Papilionoideae | JF265371 | KP177913 | - |
Craibia zimmermannii (Harms) Dunn | Papilionoideae | JX572478 | JX518072 | - |
Dalbergia arbutifolia Baker | Papilionoideae | JX572499 | JX517956 | AB828608 |
Dalbergia boehmii Taub. | Papilionoideae | JX572501 | JX517962 | AB828617 |
Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr. | Papilionoideae | KU748232 | KY484235 | KM276150 |
Dalbergia nitidula Baker | Papilionoideae | - | JX970899 | - |
Dialium englerianum Henriq. | Dialioideae | - | - | - |
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. | Caesalpinioideae | JQ025041 | KX302328 | AF458820 |
Elephantorrhiza goetzei (Harms) Harms | Caesalpinioideae | JX572549 | JX517358 | - |
Entada abyssinica Steud. ex A. Rich. | Caesalpinioideae | JX572556 | AF521829 | KX057869 |
Erythrophleum africanum (Benth.) Harms | Caesalpinioideae | JX572568 | JX517525 | - |
Faidherbia albida (Delile) A.Chev. | Caesalpinioideae | KX119293 | KX119382 | KX057872 |
Guibourtia coleosperma (Benth.) J. Léonard | Detarioideae | JX572650 | JX518076 | - |
Isoberlinia angolensis (Benth.) Hoyle & Brenan | Detarioideae | KU568126 | KX146343 | HM041837 |
Isoberlinia scheffleri (Harms) Greenway | Detarioideae | AM234240 | EU361983 | HM041838 |
Isoberlinia tomentosa (Harms) Craib & Stapf | Detarioideae | KX119306 | KX162205 | KX057885 |
Julbernardia globiflora (Benth.) Troupin | Detarioideae | JX572701 | JX517829 | - |
Julbernardia paniculata (Benth.) Troupin | Detarioideae | KU568145 | KX146360 | - |
Millettia stuhlmannii Taub. | Papilionoideae | JX572773 | JX517411 | - |
Millettia usaramensis Taub. | Papilionoideae | JX905971 | JX905956 | - |
Mundulea sericea (Willd.) A. Chev. | Papilionoideae | JQ025063 | JQ024975 | AF467482 |
Ormocarpum trichocarpum (Taub.) Engl. | Papilionoideae | JX572810 | JX517885 | AF068158 |
Peltophorum africanum Sond. | Caesalpinioideae | JX572846 | KX302342 | - |
Pericopsis angolensis (Baker) Meeuwen | Papilionoideae | KU568030 | KX584412 | KX584402 |
Philenoptera bussei (Harms) Shrire | Papilionoideae | JX572848 | JX518116 | - |
Philenoptera nelsii (Schinz) Schrire | Papilionoideae | - | - | - |
Philenoptera violacea (Klotze) Shrire | Papilionoideae | JF265547 | JF270890 | JX506439 |
Pterocarpus angolensis DC. | Papilionoideae | KY829237 | KY829168 | KY829139 |
Pterocarpus brenanii Barbosa & Torre | Papilionoideae | JX572903 | JN083540 | JN083475 |
Pterocarpus lucens Guill. & Perr. | Papilionoideae | KU568062 | KX146285 | JN083486 |
Pterocarpus rotundifolius (Sond.) Druce | Papilionoideae | JF265565 | JF270907 | JN083509 |
Senna petersiana (Bolle) Lock | Caesalpinioideae | JF265596 | JX517765 | - |
Tamarindus indica L. | Detarioideae | AB378732 | JQ587877 | KY306654 |
Xanthocercis zambesiaca (Baker) Dumaz-le-Grand | Papilionoideae | JX573092 | JX517427 | - |
Xeroderris stuhlmannii (Taub.) Mendonça & E.P. Sousa | Papilionoideae | JX573093 | JX517470 | AF467485 |
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Maquia, I.; Catarino, S.; Pena, A.R.; Brito, D.R.A.; Ribeiro, N.S.; Romeiras, M.M.; Ribeiro-Barros, A.I. Diversification of African Tree Legumes in Miombo–Mopane Woodlands. Plants 2019, 8, 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8060182
Maquia I, Catarino S, Pena AR, Brito DRA, Ribeiro NS, Romeiras MM, Ribeiro-Barros AI. Diversification of African Tree Legumes in Miombo–Mopane Woodlands. Plants. 2019; 8(6):182. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8060182
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaquia, Ivete, Silvia Catarino, Ana R. Pena, Denise R.A. Brito, Natasha. S. Ribeiro, Maria M. Romeiras, and Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros. 2019. "Diversification of African Tree Legumes in Miombo–Mopane Woodlands" Plants 8, no. 6: 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8060182