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Volume 14
Issue 23
10.3390/plants14233636
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Ethanolic Extract of Stachys byzantina Leaf: Optimization of Ultrasonic Probe-Assisted Extraction and Characterization

by
Sthefany Lorena Gemaque Dias
1,
Djéssica Tatiane Raspe
1,
Oscar de Oliveira Santos Júnior
2,
Maria Luisa Gonçalves Agneis
3,
Fabio Rodrigues Ferreira Seiva
3,
Vitor Augusto dos Santos Garcia
4,
Lúcio Cardozo-Filho
1 and
Camila da Silva
5,*
1
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
2
Departamento de Química (DQI), Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
3
Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil
4
Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
5
Departamento de Tecnologia, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Ângelo Moreira da Fonseca 1800, Umuarama 87506-370, PR, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2025, 14(23), 3636; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14233636 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 22 October 2025 / Revised: 24 November 2025 / Accepted: 26 November 2025 / Published: 28 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction, Isolation, and Characterization of Plant Natural Products Using Conventional and Non-conventional Techniques)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The present study aimed to apply ultrasonic probe-assisted extraction (UPAE) using ethanol as a solvent to separate compounds from Stachys byzantina leaves. Experimental tests were carried out to investigate the influence of temperature (T) (30, 45 and 60 °C), ultrasonic amplitude (UA) (30, 60 and 90%) and extraction time (ET) (10, 15 and 20 min) on the extraction yield (EY). The extracts obtained at different extraction times were characterized for compound profile, soluble protein content, and antioxidant potential. The cytotoxic effect of the extract was also evaluated. The greatest mass recovery (19.8 wt%) was verified at the highest levels of the variables. The total phenolic compound content and antioxidant potential increased with the application of extraction times of 5 to 20 min, at 60 °C and UA of 90%. The extracts contained ~25 wt% of soluble protein. The extracts showed a predominance of chlorogenic, protocatechuic, and syringic acids. Nicotinic acid was also detected in the extracts, with levels ranging from 11.91 to 13.86 mg/100 g. The fatty acid profile indicated the presence of lauric, palmitic and linolenic acids in higher concentrations, with quantification of squalene, α-tocopherol and β-sitosterol. The ethanolic extract of Stachys byzantina showed no cytotoxic effect on HaCaT cells at concentrations up to 200 µg/mL, maintaining cell viability above 70% after 48 h of exposure.
Keywords: ethanol; ultrasonic amplitude; antioxidant potential; chlorogenic acid ethanol; ultrasonic amplitude; antioxidant potential; chlorogenic acid

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MDPI and ACS Style

Dias, S.L.G.; Raspe, D.T.; Júnior, O.d.O.S.; Agneis, M.L.G.; Seiva, F.R.F.; Garcia, V.A.d.S.; Cardozo-Filho, L.; Silva, C.d. Ethanolic Extract of Stachys byzantina Leaf: Optimization of Ultrasonic Probe-Assisted Extraction and Characterization. Plants 2025, 14, 3636. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14233636

AMA Style

Dias SLG, Raspe DT, Júnior OdOS, Agneis MLG, Seiva FRF, Garcia VAdS, Cardozo-Filho L, Silva Cd. Ethanolic Extract of Stachys byzantina Leaf: Optimization of Ultrasonic Probe-Assisted Extraction and Characterization. Plants. 2025; 14(23):3636. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14233636

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dias, Sthefany Lorena Gemaque, Djéssica Tatiane Raspe, Oscar de Oliveira Santos Júnior, Maria Luisa Gonçalves Agneis, Fabio Rodrigues Ferreira Seiva, Vitor Augusto dos Santos Garcia, Lúcio Cardozo-Filho, and Camila da Silva. 2025. "Ethanolic Extract of Stachys byzantina Leaf: Optimization of Ultrasonic Probe-Assisted Extraction and Characterization" Plants 14, no. 23: 3636. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14233636

APA Style

Dias, S. L. G., Raspe, D. T., Júnior, O. d. O. S., Agneis, M. L. G., Seiva, F. R. F., Garcia, V. A. d. S., Cardozo-Filho, L., & Silva, C. d. (2025). Ethanolic Extract of Stachys byzantina Leaf: Optimization of Ultrasonic Probe-Assisted Extraction and Characterization. Plants, 14(23), 3636. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14233636

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