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Volume 14
Issue 23
10.3390/plants14233635
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Trihelix Transcription Factor Family in Pinus massoniana and Gene Expression Patterns Analysis

by
Pengzhou Liu
1,2,3,
Dengbao Wang
1,2,3,
Shaojun Xu
1,2,3,
Shuo Sun
1,2,3,
Manli Yang
1,2,3,
Meijing Chen
1,2,3 and
Kongshu Ji
1,2,3,*
1
State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
2
Key Open Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Gene Engineering of National Forestry & Grassland Administration, Nanjing 210037, China
3
Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2025, 14(23), 3635; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14233635 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 29 October 2025 / Revised: 15 November 2025 / Accepted: 27 November 2025 / Published: 28 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant and Forest Product Resilience: Stress Adaptation Mechanisms)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Pinus massoniana Lamb. possesses considerable ecological and economic value. However, the rapid proliferation of pine wilt disease poses a significant threat to the growth and development of coniferous plants. Transcription factors play a crucial role in enabling plants to respond to external environmental stresses. The trihelix transcription factor (TTF) family, named after its unique trihelical domain (helix-loop-helix-loop-helix) and also referred to as the GT family, plays crucial roles in plant morphogenesis and in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we identified 56 PmGTs from the P. massoniana genome and analyzed their expression profiles in response to pine wood nematode (PWN) infection. Eight significantly differentially expressed PmGTs at various stages were selected as candidate genes for PWN resistance. Promoter analysis and qRT-PCR revealed that these genes respond to multiple treatments, including methyl jasmonate (MeJA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3), salicylic acid (SA), and abscisic acid (ABA). Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the proteins are localized in the nucleus. Additionally, seven PmGTs exhibit transcriptional activity. This study provides a foundational understanding of the role of PmGTs in stress response in P. massoniana.
Keywords: Pinus massoniana; trihelix transcription factor; expression patterns Pinus massoniana; trihelix transcription factor; expression patterns

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Liu, P.; Wang, D.; Xu, S.; Sun, S.; Yang, M.; Chen, M.; Ji, K. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Trihelix Transcription Factor Family in Pinus massoniana and Gene Expression Patterns Analysis. Plants 2025, 14, 3635. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14233635

AMA Style

Liu P, Wang D, Xu S, Sun S, Yang M, Chen M, Ji K. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Trihelix Transcription Factor Family in Pinus massoniana and Gene Expression Patterns Analysis. Plants. 2025; 14(23):3635. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14233635

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Pengzhou, Dengbao Wang, Shaojun Xu, Shuo Sun, Manli Yang, Meijing Chen, and Kongshu Ji. 2025. "Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Trihelix Transcription Factor Family in Pinus massoniana and Gene Expression Patterns Analysis" Plants 14, no. 23: 3635. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14233635

APA Style

Liu, P., Wang, D., Xu, S., Sun, S., Yang, M., Chen, M., & Ji, K. (2025). Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Trihelix Transcription Factor Family in Pinus massoniana and Gene Expression Patterns Analysis. Plants, 14(23), 3635. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14233635

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